COP16: UN Talks End With Countries Backing $200-Billion-a-Year Biodiversity Conservation Plan

The COP16 UN Biodiversity Conference in Rome has ended with a plan for nations to contribute $200 billion a year for the protection of the planet’s biodiversity by 2030, but critics say it’s not enough.

The countries came to an agreement on how to contribute the funds. The accord also includes a plan for raising $20 billion annually to finance conservation in developing nations starting this year, with the amount rising to $30 billion a year by 2030, reported The Associated Press.

Following hours of tense discussions, delegates at the conference applauded when the deal was finally reached.

COP16 President Susana Muhamad cried as she ended the meeting, calling it a “historic day,” The Guardian reported.

“We achieved the adoption of the first global plan to finance the conservation of life on Earth,” Muhamad said.

While progress was made at the summit, important issues were deferred, such as the creation of a fund to distribute the money, the existence of subsidies that destroy nature and reducing climate pollution.

Some leaders said the result of the meeting was a win for collaboration.

“Our efforts show that multilateralism can present hope at a time of geopolitical uncertainty,” said Steven Guilbeault, Canadian minister of environment and climate change, as reported by The Guardian.

Calling COP negotiations the “least bad” process, Jean-Luc Crucke, climate and ecological transition minister from Belgium, said the agreement showed that international cooperation on biodiversity was still possible.

“So there is a great significance to these negotiations,” Crucke added, saying that, if humans want to save nature, “there is no other solution than this one.”

The conclusion of COP16 came over two years following the landmark global initiative to safeguard 30 percent of the planet’s land and seas by the end of the decade.

Other summit participants expressed their frustration at a lack of determination concerning the climate crisis.

“Biodiversity cannot wait for a bureaucratic process that lasts [forever], while the environmental crisis continues to get worse,” said Juan Carlos Alurralde Tejada, negotiator from Bolivia. “Forests are burning, rivers are in agony and animals are disappearing.”

Alurralde Tejada expressed concern about the text of the agreement “diluting” biodiversity commitments and creating a path to “indefinite discussion” of who will fund conservation and how the money will be distributed.

The reality of halting biodiversity loss by 2030 is a daunting task, with wildlife populations worldwide having fallen 73 percent from 1970 to 2020, the most recent assessment said.

“Honestly, it’s almost impossible when you see the trends of where things are going,” said Max Fontaine, Madagascar’s environment and development minister. “We are not going in the right direction, we all need to strengthen efforts.”

Datuama Cammue, negotiator from Liberia, said five years was not enough time to implement the conservation targets.

“It will take a lot of financial input and expert input to get it done. With this type of spirit, I really don’t think that it’s possible,” Cammue said.

Wealthy signatories to the previous COP15 agreement had provided just $10.95 billion in funding for biodiversity as of 2022, a report from Campaign for Nature and the Overseas Development Institute said.

Norway’s minister for climate and environment Andreas Bjelland Eriksen said countries needed to “do everything we can” to achieve the 2030 finance goal.

Thursday’s decision presented two major goals: Putting together additional billions in biodiversity funding and deciding which institutions will deliver the money.

The Finance for Biodiversity Foundation, along with a collection of financial institutions, announced an initiative this week to better incorporate biodiversity loss into sovereign debt financing, Bloomberg reported. However, it is still an area financial institutions have a difficult time monetizing, saying they can’t act without profitable opportunities and clear government guidance.

The final text of the COP16 agreement called for contributions from all sources, including financial institutions and the private sector. It put an emphasis on “innovative schemes,” including debt-for-nature swaps, biodiversity offsets and carbon credits.

The global nature pact and new strategy are not legally binding.

Juliette Landry, senior research fellow at thinktank the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, said the global accord didn’t amount to “perfect accountability, but it provides some blocks to build from.”

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Community Power Scorecard: Illinois Leads While Most States Receive ‘D’ or ‘F’ Grade

Most states in the U.S. have a long way to go for improving community power, based on the results of a new scorecard by the Institute of Local Self-Reliance (ILSR).

The Community Power Scorecard evaluated each state based on 18 written policies, and each state could earn up to 87 total points. Policies could touch on net metering, third-party ownership, renewable energy interconnection, community solar, community choice energy, investments in inclusive utilities, and more. Some policies, like gas ban preemptions or right of first refusal, received negative points, as ILSR noted that certain policies could be worse for community energy goals than no policy at all. 

Based on the scores for the evaluated policies, the score was then converted into percentages, with an A being 90-100%, B being 70-89%, C as 50-69%, D for 30-49% and F for anything up to 29%.

For the 2025 scorecard, no states received an A grade, and only one state, Illinois, received a B. The state promotes making rooftop solar more affordable for residents through the Illinois Solar for All program and received high marks for net metering and community solar policies. In total, the state received 66 points out of 87.

“Illinois scores well across most of the elements in the scorecard,” John Farrell, co-director of ILSR told Inside Climate News. “All of these policies sort of create an environment to allow widespread ownership and development of clean energy at the local level. Illinois checks the boxes on those, and they do really well.”

Thirteen states were ranked as average for community energy with C grades, while the remaining 37 states received Ds and Fs. Fourteen states received Ds, while an F grade had the highest number of states, at 23.

Alabama received the lowest score at 3%, with a total of 3 points out of 87, followed by South Dakota with 4 points or a 5% score. Missouri received a 26%, but had a lower score than last year, when it earned a D with 34%.

However, actual efforts for community energy may be different from what these scores suggest, because ILSF evaluated written policies, not implemented policies. As Inside Climate News reported, this could explain why Illinois received a higher score despite implementation for its policies not always meeting expectations.

The results reveal that every state has plenty of opportunities to improve equitable, resilient and clean energy policies that offer better consumer protections and keep energy affordable.

The report has been published annually since 2018. The latest scorecard raises questions about how scores could change over the next year under an administration focused on fossil fuels. There are also concerns over whether Inflation Reduction Act funds, some of which are designated for clean energy projects, will be released to states.

“The work of advancing energy democracy requires continued advocacy, vigilance, and effort,” ILSR stated.

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Most Conservation Funding Goes to Large, ‘Charismatic’ Vertebrates Instead of Lesser-Known, Threatened Species: Study

Larger, dynamic animal species like rhinoceroses and elephants get a lot of well-deserved attention. But they also get the lion’s share of global conservation funding, leaving threatened species that are not as well-known to fend for themselves.

A 25-year study led by researchers at University of Hong Kong (HKU) has found that, of the nearly $2 billion in funds allotted to projects globally, 82.9 percent was devoted to vertebrates.

Mammals and birds received 85 percent of the funding, while amphibians were assigned less than 2.8 percent.

Invertebrates and plants were each given 6.6 percent of the total resources, while algae and fungi only benefited from 0.2 percent.

“The extensive loss of biodiversity represents one of the major crises of our time, threatening not only entire ecosystems but also our current and future livelihoods. As scientists realise the magnitude and scale of ongoing extinctions, it is vital to ascertain the resources available for conservation and whether funds are being effectively distributed to protect species most in need,” a press release from HKU said.

Mammals like kangaroos, wallabies, rodents and bats were greatly underfunded.

“Conservation efforts are largely concentrated on a narrow subset of species, some nonthreatened, while most species in urgent need of protection are largely ignored,” the authors of the findings wrote. “Both governments and nongovernmental stakeholders urgently need new approaches to help tackle the biodiversity crisis, including realigning funding priorities to ensure representative funding across taxa toward vulnerable and currently neglected species.”

Lead author of the study Benoit Guénard, an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at HKU, said that no financial support was given to almost 94 percent of the species that were identified as threatened.

“Protecting this neglected majority, which plays a myriad of roles in ecosystems and represents unique evolutionary strategies, is fundamental if our common goal is to preserve biodiversity,” Guénard said, as The Guardian reported.

The researchers analyzed nearly 15,000 conservation projects from 1992 to 2016. They looked at the allocation of funding based on specific groups of organisms or species based on an assessment of their conservation needs by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List.

“Based on previous literature-based studies, we expected biases towards vertebrates and, whilst this was true, we found the situation much worse than previously estimated. Even within vertebrates, many of the most threatened groups, like amphibians, were largely underfunded with declining funding trends over time,” Guénard explained in the press release.

Reptiles, especially snakes and lizards, were another example of funding bias. More than a thousand reptile species are identified as threatened, but 87 percent of reptile conservation funding was devoted to seven marine turtle species.

“This highlights an important mismatch between scientific assessment of conservation and allocation of funding by conservation stakeholders, which appears to rely on the ‘charisma’ of species. This leads to nearly a third of the funding directed to non-threatened species while almost 94% of threatened species have not received any support,” Guénard said.

The study, “Limited and biased global conservation funding means most threatened species remain unsupported,” was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“Our traditional view of what is threatened often does not align with species genuinely at threat, leaving many smaller, or ‘less charismatic’ species neglected. We urgently need to reframe this perspective and better allocate funding across taxa if we want any hope of redressing widespread population declines and the continued loss of biodiversity,” said the study’s co-author Alice Hughes, an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at HKU, in the press release.

Based on the findings, the researchers said a new approach needs to be taken to funding conservation. Not only does species conservation need additional funding, a more careful approach must be taken in the selection of projects and species that are to receive the limited funds available.

“Conservation agencies and NGOs need to modify their philosophy towards conservation to protect all species, and not just a subset based on subjective criteria of charisma or beauty,” Guénard said.

The research team has hope that their database will be expanded to make funding allocation information more easily accessible and transparent. This would help with planning future conservation efforts worldwide, evaluating existing gaps and reducing funding redundancy for species that are already receiving most of the financial support.

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EU Announces Clean Industrial Deal, but Green Groups Say ‘There’s Little to Turn Ambition Into Action’

The European Commission has announced a new Clean Industrial Deal it says will help industries like steel and cement make the transition to net-zero emissions. The commission says the sweeping legislative package will boost clean technology companies such as those making electric vehicle (EV) charging stations.

However, the EU executive has also weakened environmental reporting requirements for small- and medium-sized businesses, reported The Guardian.

The commission has said it will stay on target with its climate goals, but NGOs are seeing a different picture.

“EU policymakers seem increasingly detached from the triple planetary crisis we are facing. The so-called ‘Clean’ Industry Deal focuses on decarbonisation but overlooks broader pollution and environmental responsibility, failing to show how the EU can lead by example. Meanwhile, fossil-fuel-reliant industries that resisted change for decades have secured a front-row seat in shaping this deal,” said Christian Schaible, European Environmental Bureau (EEB)’s head of zero pollution industry, in a press release from EEB. “It’s alarming that the Commission claims the deal is ‘directly tailored’ to the ‘needs’ outlined in the Antwerp Declaration — a manifesto written by polluters, for polluters. EU industry is far more than just energy-intensive sectors, yet their interests are being placed front and centre.”

The Clean Industrial Deal reaffirms the goal set out in the 2020 European Green Deal of slashing emissions 90 percent by 2040. It contains 40 measures designed to speed up the transition to clean energy, including faster permits for infrastructure like wind farms, and altering public procurement rules so that they favor European-made clean technology, The Guardian reported.

“We think that the clean industrial deal is Europe’s business plan to tackle the climate crisis,” said Teresa Ribera, the European Commission’s executive vice-president in charge of the green transition. “We are not deregulating. On the contrary: we are coming to the implementing phase.”

The commission is planning to start an industrial decarbonization bank with approximately $104 billion in public funds, which could then leverage $416 billion indirectly from the private sector, it said.

Experts have pointed out that a global investment of hundreds of billions will be needed to build the networks of electric grids necessary to reach the world’s climate goals.

Ribera promised changes would be made to EU state aid rules to speed up industrial decarbonization and renewable energy.

“The 2040 climate target is the only cookie in the jar. The rest of the package crumbles under scrutiny. While the Clean Industrial Deal claims to put decarbonisation at the center, the devil is in the detail, and the high-level ambitions do not match the actual proposals. This is not what the Commission promised during the hearings last autumn. With the deregulation push and no concrete plan to mobilise genuine additional finance, there’s little to turn ambition into action. The only real urgency in the deal seems to be weakening the reporting rules, not ensuring companies contribute to a fair, competitive and climate-proof economy,” said Director of CAN Europe Chiara Martinelli in a press release from the NGO.

Business groups expressed broad support of the plan, while the European Sustainable Investment Forum said it created “legal uncertainty,” harming those who had already taken steps to comply or prepared reports, reported The Guardian.

German Green MEP Anna Cavazzini, chair of the internal market committee, said the directive on due diligence was being watered down and that “environmental crimes and human rights violations won’t be prevented.”

An “affordable energy action plan” with a goal of providing savings of roughly $270 billion annually by 2040 was published alongside the Clean Industrial Deal.

Lorelei Limousin, climate campaigner with Greenpeace EU, said the new proposal neglected actions like reducing energy waste that could bring down fossil fuel imports more quickly.

“This commission is vague on cutting energy waste while, to appease Trump, wants to invest in polluting gas infrastructure overseas that will keep Europe hooked on this expensive and dangerous fuel for decades,” Limousin said.

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Scientists Develop Open Database With 500+ Potential PFAS Alternatives

With increasing concerns regarding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their potential impacts on human health, scientists from the Department of Environmental Science at Stockholm University have compiled a comprehensive database with potential alternatives to these “forever chemicals.”

According to the European Environment Agency, PFAS exposure has been linked to risks of liver damage, thyroid disease and certain types of cancer. It may also impact reproductivity, the immune system and fetal and child development, as reported by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

However, these chemicals are particularly effective for waterproofing, stain-proofing, grease-resistance and durability, which is why PFAS are commonly used in food packaging, outdoor recreational gear, firefighting foam and equipment, electronics, non-stick cookware, industrial equipment and more.

To reduce the risks associated with these chemicals, a new study published in Environmental Science & Technology compiles information on potential alternatives to different types of PFAS that could help lead the way to safer substitutions with similarly beneficial properties.

As part of their research, the authors developed a public database called the ZeroPM alternative assessment database that lists out all known uses of PFAS, from cookware to clothing to pharmaceuticals, alongside at least 530 alternative substances that could replace PFAS for specific uses. 

“Our new online database of alternatives for the uses of PFAS highlights 530 potential alternatives and reveals where more innovation is needed,” Ian Cousins, co-author of the study, said in a statement.

So far, the authors have found promising alternatives for 40 use cases, such as for food packaging coatings, and industries can use the database to guide updates to industrial processes using alternatives. Each listing includes the availability for switching to the alternative, making it easier to find the most suitable substitutes for certain applications.

But the authors noted that there are still 83 PFAS applications, namely for plastic- and rubber-related industrial processes, without known safer alternatives, so more research is needed for these cases. Some alternatives currently have no known concerns but will also require further research to confirm there are no safety or environmental risks.

“At this point, the main goal of the database is to provide an open platform on which information on the availability of PFAS-free alternatives is freely available,” the authors wrote. “Such efforts could be useful for companies willing to phase out their uses of PFAS by providing them with information on the types of alternatives that are already in use. Furthermore, the information in the database can help the authorities to identify uses of PFAS where alternatives are still lacking and should be the focus of their time and resources for further research.”

“Proper alternative assessments for specific uses should still be performed to evaluate the potential trade-offs of phasing out PFAS,” they concluded.

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Trees in Central Los Angeles Absorb More Carbon Than Previously Thought: Study

Trees in central Los Angeles absorb much more carbon dioxide than scientists thought. This means they are able to offset a surprising amount of the city’s fossil fuel emissions when the weather is warm and trees are most active.

In a recent study, researchers used densely spaced air-quality sensors to find that vegetation in parts of central LA offset 60 percent of the city’s carbon emissions, especially during the growing season, a press release from University of Southern California (USC) said.

The discovery that urban greenery plays a more substantial role in offsetting LA’s carbon footprint could offer insights to help other cities combat climate change.

“Urban areas are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating effective monitoring systems to evaluate mitigation strategies,” the authors of the study wrote. “A dense sensor network, such as the Berkeley Environmental Air-quality & CO2 Observation Network (BEACO2N), offers a unique opportunity to monitor urban emissions at high spatial resolution.”

The first-of-its-kind study by Public Exchange and USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences was able to provide more detail than had been previously available by tracking emissions absorption in real time.

The measurements are some of the most detailed on how air quality is impacted by urban trees. Vegetation in the area absorbed as much as 60 percent of daytime carbon dioxide from fossil fuels during the spring and summer months and roughly 30 percent annually. This ranks LA as a city with one of the highest documented uptake rates of carbon dioxide.

In order to track LA’s carbon in real time, the team launched the Carbon Census array, which involved deployment of a dozen high-resolution BEACO₂N sensors over a 15-by-six-mile area of Mid-City.

The sensors mapped changing carbon concentrations in the air as it moved across the urban landscape. This enabled the researchers to take wind direction and speed, as well as urban density, into account to determine the extent to which local vegetation was offsetting emissions.

“You can think of emissions like passengers on a train,” said lead researcher Will Berelson, a USC Dornsife professor of Earth sciences, environmental studies and spatial sciences, in the press release. “As the wind moves pollution through the city, some gets picked up and some gets dropped off. These sensors let us see that process in real time.”

The study, conducted from July of 2021 to December of the following year, measured carbon dioxide directly, unlike other models that estimate carbon levels based on traffic data, fuel sales and other models that depend on carbon landing on individual sensors.

“One of the study’s biggest surprises was that trees absorb the most CO₂ during summer, despite it being L.A.’s driest season. Satellite imagery shows L.A.’s urban greenery is remarkably verdant in summer, likely due to irrigation, groundwater access from leaky pipes and resilient tree species,” the press release said. “Still, trees can’t keep pace with emissions. As expected, CO₂ levels spiked during rush hour, reinforcing the fact that, while greenery helps, it can’t offset pollution from cars, buildings and industry on its own.”

The findings of the study help inform USC’s Urban Trees Initiative, which is a partnership between the City of Los Angeles, USC and community organizations with a focus on expanding urban greenery where it’s needed most. Identifying areas where trees are absorbing the most carbon could be helpful in guiding future planting efforts.

Building on the success of the study, the USC team added eight more sensors to its network outside the original study area.

“Our goal is to monitor more areas of L.A. to define baseline values of CO2 emission and identify where vegetation is making the biggest impact and where more greenery is needed,” Berelson said.

The fact that urban vegetation only absorbs about one-third of the area’s fossil fuel emissions each year emphasizes the urgent need for improved public transportation, clean energy and broader emissions reductions.

LA has a target of becoming carbon-neutral by 2050. Berelson said that, while the city’s urban greenery gives it a natural boost, reducing the use of fossil fuels is still the most important step in combating climate change.

“Nature is helping us, but we can’t rely on it to do all the work,” Berelson said.

The findings, “Observing Anthropogenic and Biogenic CO2 Emissions in Los Angeles Using a Dense Sensor Network,” were published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.

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‘Superpod’ of More Than 2,000 Dolphins Spotted Frolicking off California Coast

A “superpod” of more than 2,000 dolphins was spotted off the coast of Monterey Bay, California, over the weekend.

The gathering of cetaceans included Pacific white-sided dolphins, Northern right whale dolphins and light grey baby calves, reported The Guardian.

“Super pods like this are rare, especially of Northern right whale dolphins,” Monterey Bay Whale Watch wrote on its Facebook page, as the San Francisco Chronicle reported. The post specified that the best time to see large groups of dolphins is in winter.

Captain and videographer Even Brodsky with Monterey Bay Whale Watch, a private boat tour company, captured the “mind-blowing” display on video, reported The Guardian. Brodsky was conducting research with two other members of the team at the time of the sighting. Thousands of Risso’s dolphins had recently been spotted by the company in the same area.

Northern right whale dolphins usually travel in groups of 100 to 200 individuals but are sometimes found in groups of up to 3,000. They are occasionally seen in mixed groups with other cetacean species, such as Pacific white-sided dolphins, Risso’s dolphins, and short-finned pilot whales,” the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said.

Northern right whale dolphins are the only dolphin species in the north Pacific that don’t have dorsal fins. They have been known to leap over 20 feet out of the water.

“They’re all smooth,” Brodsky told The Associated Press. “When they jump, they look like flying eyebrows.”

“We were so excited it was hard to hold in our emotions. We had the biggest grins from ear to ear,” Brodsky said.

Monterey Bay is part of the national marine sanctuary that bears its name. The area south of San Francisco is a popular destination for those looking to catch a glimpse of its spectacular marine wildlife.

“In pods they play, babysit, alert each other to danger like predators, practice courtship, and hunt together. In fact, traveling in a group compensates for their smaller body size,” the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation said.

Marine biologist Colleen Talty with Monterey Bay Whale Watch said people come from all over the world hoping to spot northern right whale dolphins, who fish in the deep underwater canyons of the bay, The Associated Press reported.

Talty said the dolphins may have been clustering to feed, fend off predators or socialize.

“We don’t always see baby dolphins,” Talty said, “so that’s pretty nice.”

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14,000+ Crop Seeds Added to Svalbard Global Seed Vault for Preservation

More than 14,000 seed samples are headed for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault this week, where they’ll be preserved and protected against climate change, war, and other events that can threaten crops and plant diversity.

The latest addition of 14,022 seed samples come from 21 different genebanks around the world, and the latest deposit will include thousands of samples from countries facing conflict and extreme weather events that can threaten seed genebanks.

Sudan, which is currently undergoing a civil war, deposited 15 samples, including different varieties of sorghum and pearl millet. The deposit will help protect Sudan’s crops, as an ongoing civil war led to the looting and destruction of the country’s seedbank, with more than 17,000 seeds affected. This is the sixth deposit to Svalbard’s Seed Vault by Sudan, which first started depositing seeds here in 2019.

“In Sudan, where conflict has displaced more than eight million people and disrupted agriculture, these seeds represent hope,” said Ali Babikar, director of Sudan’s Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Research Centre (APGRC). “By safeguarding this diversity in Svalbard, we’re preserving options for a resilient, food-secure future, regardless of the challenges we face.” 

The Philippines also made an important deposit to the seed bank to protect its diverse crops from extreme weather events that threaten the country. According to the WorldRiskIndex report, the Philippines ranks No. 1 globally for countries at the highest risk from extreme natural disasters and has previously had its national genebank damaged by typhoons and fires. Climate change has exacerbated these threats. 

As such, the Philippines is making a contribution of important seeds such as eggplant, rice bean, lima bean and sorghum for protection at Svalbard Global Seed Vault.

“In the face of climate change, which we are already feeling with all the extreme weather conditions in the Philippines, it becomes more pressing to duplicate these collections in other gene banks like Svalbard to safeguard [them],” Hidelisa de Chavez, a researcher at the University of the Philippines’ National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, told Grist

Brazil, which will host COP30 in Belém this year, also made a major contribution of more than 3,000 types of beans, rice and maize. 

Another critical deposit included Mucuna pruriens, or velvet beans, in Malawi’s deposit of legumes, rice, maize, sorghum and other crops. The velvet bean doubles as a nitrogen-fixing fertilizer that can boost maize yields and is popular for medicinal purposes.

“Crop diversity reduces the risk of food crises at local, regional, sub-regional and global levels,” Nolipher Mponya, an agricultural research scientist who works for the government of Malawi, said in a statement. “By conserving crop diversity, we are protecting the future of our foods. We are also maintaining the genes for crop improvement, feed and habitat for pollinators and ensuring the direct and indirect health and economic benefits from these crops.”

This round of deposits also included contributions from Benin, Burundi, Costa Rica, Malaysia, Nigeria, Zambia/Zimbabwe, Cote d’Ivoire, Georgia, Kenya, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, Thailand and UA Emirates. 

Seeds at the vault are kept inside custom packages, sealed within boxes and kept at low temperature and moisture levels to prevent damage, even if there’s a power outage. The vault helps maintain backup seeds for countries that may be impacted by climate change, conflict or other disasters that could threaten genebanks.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault’s first deposit of 2025 is its 66th since it began accepting deposits in 2008. It typically collects deposits three times per year (February, June and October) and stores more than 1.3 million seed samples. It is owned by Norway and managed by Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the regional NordGen genebank and the international nonprofit Crop Trust. The latest round of deposits was also supported by Biodiversity for Opportunities, Livelihoods, and Development (BOLD).

“The seeds deposited this week represent not just biodiversity, but also the knowledge, culture and resilience of the communities that steward them,” said Stefan Schmitz, executive director of Crop Trust. “We must find a way to protect this crop diversity for generations to come.”

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Glacial Melting Is Accelerating, Driving Sea Level Rise and Depleting Freshwater: Study

Accelerating glacial melting is causing the world’s oceans to rise year after year and is causing a loss of regional freshwater, new research led by scientists at the University of Zürich shows. 

The world’s glaciers have been losing 273 billion tonnes of ice mass annually, causing oceans to rise by nearly a millimeter per year, which has been accelerating in recent years, the study finds. 

“To put this in perspective, the 273 billion tonnes of ice lost in one single year amounts to what the entire global population consumes in 30 years, assuming three litres per person and day,” lead author Michael Zemp said in a press release.

The researchers also found that the rate at which glaciers are melting is accelerating fairly rapidly. The second half of the period studied (from 2012 to 2023) saw a 36% increase in ice loss compared to the first half.

“For some regions, we’re finding a profound change in how quickly that sea ice is disappearing,” Brian Menounos, one of the study authors, a geography professor at the University of Northern British Columbia whose work focuses on the impacts of climate change in western Canada, told EcoWatch on a video call. “In the lower 48 and western Canada,” he added, “we’ve lost something like 23% of the (glacier) volume since 2000,” he said.

The research was a collaborative effort under the ​​World Glacier Monitoring Service and led by researchers at the University of Zürich. The researchers used the Glacier Mass Balance Intercomparison Exercise (GlaMBIE) to collect and analyze huge amounts of data from multiple sources to determine the rate of glacial melting and sea level rise since 2000.

The scientists used several methods to measure glacial ice loss, from the traditional method of manually comparing the amount of snow that accumulates on top of a glacier against the amount of water melting off of it, to much more advanced methods using satellites. 

Tyler Sutterley, one of the study authors and senior research scientist at the Applied Physics Lab at the University of Washington, explained over email that one method the researchers used was photogrammetry, where they created 3D models of the glaciers over time from repeated satellite photos in a process called photogrammetry.

The researchers also used radar and laser ranging instruments from NASA’s Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellites (ICESat and ICESat-2) and the European Space Agency’s CryoSat-2 missions to “measure changes in surface topography,” in a process called altimetry, Sutterley wrote, the measurements from which were “combined with estimates of the snow density change to estimate the glacier’s total mass change.”

Glaciers in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska: This image, recorded by the Sentinel-2 satellite on 6 Oct. 6, 2017 shows the melting Scott (left), Sheridan (middle), and Childs (right) glaciers feeding lakes and rivers in their forefields. Copernicus Sentinel data 2017

The last technique the researchers used involved measuring changes in Earth’s gravitational field using data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its successor, GRACE-FO, which allowed for the researchers to estimate glacial mass changes over wide areas.

Using each of these methods, the researchers created the “most comprehensive assessment of glacier change to date,” Sutterley wrote.

While the research didn’t delve into the causes behind ice loss, the biggest factors are almost certainly continued greenhouse gas emissions, along with a loss of ice and snow that reflects heat outward to space. With both of these factors increasing, we can expect both glacial melting and sea level rise to continue accelerating, Sutterley told EcoWatch on a video call.

“The Earth is tricky, but with our mountain glaciers, I think overall, they are expected to continue to shrink — in some regions, yes, shrink faster and faster — but overall, the going trend is that we are losing our glaciated regions, and it is happening faster and faster,” he said.

A 2021 study found that over 400 million people globally are vulnerable to sea level rise as sea level encroaches on the world’s coasts.

“Sea level rise affects all of us,” Sutterley said. “Most of the world’s population lives near water, whether it’s rivers or coasts, and so starting to lose coastline, as it moves further inland based on sea level rise, is going to affect a lot of people.”

“There’s regions in the South Pacific that live on low-lying islands, and it’s going to take a massive humanitarian effort to deal with what is going to be a humanitarian crisis as we start losing places that are habitable just due to sea level rise,” he said. 

“Glaciers are one of the key metrics of climate change,” Sutterley said. “If you look at the big picture, you zoom out and you look at the tens of thousands of glaciers altogether, there you get a picture that is related to the energy balance of the planet, and where this energy is going. It’s going into the ocean. It’s melting ice, it’s heating our soils. And so having this broad view gives you this look on where this is going [and] what’s the cost.”

“We will directly notice the melting of these glaciers. Because they are located where many people live, it will affect drinking water supplies, in particular in South America and Asia. And the risk of flooding after the melt season also poses a danger,” Bert Wouters, one of the researchers and associate professor of geoscience and remote sensing at Delft University of Technology, wrote in a press release. 

Menounos said that the research will likely continue in the future with a successor to the GLaMBIE project.

“The next steps are for the collaborators of GlaMBIE, 1.0, if you want to call it that, to reach out to the community and propose a follow-up study. And that will take several years for people to get together, to meet at conferences, have workshops, and really sort of dive into perhaps things or aspects that we didn’t have time or we didn’t have data to look at specific regions or look at try to reduce biases in some regions.”

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New Low-Cost Beehive Sensors Could Help Save Honeybee Colonies

Increased pesticide use, habitat loss and climate change have been contributing to a decades-long decline in global honeybee numbers.

Now, a computer science team from University of California, Riverside (UCR), has come up with an innovative way to help. They developed a sensor-based technology with the potential to revolutionize commercial beekeeping, reduce colony losses and cut labor costs.

“Honeybees, as natural crop pollinators, play a significant role in biodiversity and food production for human civilization. Bees actively regulate hive temperature (homeostasis) to maintain a colony’s proper functionality. Deviations from usual thermoregulation behavior due to external stressors (e.g., extreme environmental temperature, parasites, pesticide exposure, etc.) indicate an impending colony collapse,” the authors of the paper wrote. “Anticipating such threats by forecasting hive temperature and finding changes in temperature patterns would allow beekeepers to take early preventive measures and avoid critical issues.”

The Electronic Bee-Veterinarian (EBV) uses forecasting models and inexpensive heat sensors to predict when temperatures in a hive could reach dangerous levels, a press release from UCR said.

The system gives beekeepers remote early warnings so that they can take preventive action before colonies collapse during extreme cold or hot weather, or when bees aren’t able to regulate the temperature of their hives due to pesticide exposure, food shortages, disease or other stressors.

“We convert the temperature to a factor that we are calling the health factor, which gives an estimate of how strong the bees are on a scale from zero to one,” said lead author of the paper Shamima Hossain, a computer science Ph.D. student at UCR, in the press release.

The technology uses a simple metric, with “one” indicating that the bees are at their strongest, allowing beekeepers to quickly assess hive health.

UCR entomology professor Boris Baer thinks EBV could revolutionize beekeeping — an essential practice to large sectors of agriculture throughout the world.

More than 80 crops are pollinated by honeybees, and the essential pollinators contribute approximately $29 billion each year to agriculture in the United States. But factors like pesticide exposure, parasites, habitat loss and climate change have contributed to the decline of bee populations.

“Over the last year, the U.S. lost over 55% of its honeybee colonies,” said Baer, citing data collected by Project Apis m., which monitors U.S. beehive losses. “We are experiencing a major collapse of bee populations, and that is extremely worrying because about one-third of what we eat depends on bees.”

Right now beekeepers use manual inspections and their own judgment to detect issues, which often leads to delayed interventions. Baer said EBV could predict conditions days ahead of time, providing them with real-time insights and significantly reducing labor costs.

“People have dreamed of these sensors for a very long time,” Baer emphasized. “What I like here is that this system is fully integrated into the hive setup that beekeepers already use.”

Baer explained that honeybees maintain an internal hive temperature of between 91.4 and 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit to assure colony survival and proper brood development. Among the first indicators of a threat to hive health are fluctuations in temperature.

The EBV model feeds temperature data collected from sensors inside the hive into an algorithm that can then predict hive conditions several days ahead of time.

EBV was used to analyze data from up to 25 hives at the UCR apiary. It proved its effectiveness by detecting conditions requiring beekeeper intervention.

“When I looked at the dashboard and saw the health factor dropped below an empirical threshold, I contacted our apiary manager,” Hossain said. “When we went to check the hive, we found that there was actually something wrong, and they were able to take action to manage the situation.”

UCR electrical and computer engineering associate professor Hyoseung Kim explained that keeping costs at less than $50 per hive was a big priority.

“There are commercial sensors available, but they are too expensive,” Kim explained. “We decided to create a very cheap device using off-the-shelf components so that beekeepers can afford it.”

The researchers have begun the next phase of developing automated climate controls that beekeepers can install in hives to respond to EBV’s predictions by automatically adjusting hive temperature.

“Right now, we can only issue warnings,” Hossain said. “But in the next phase, we are working on designing a system that can automatically heat or cool the hive when needed.”

The paper, “Principled Mining, Forecasting and Monitoring of Honeybee Time Series with EBV+,” was published in the journal ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data.

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