Category Archives: News

Trump’s USAID Cuts Will Have Devastating Impact on Global Climate Finance: Analysis

Posted on by March 11, 2025

President Donald Trump’s withdrawal of nearly all aid from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) will significantly impact global climate finance to vulnerable nations, a new analysis by Carbon Brief has found.

The U.S. spent roughly $11 billion on foreign aid last year, with a similar amount slated for this year if plans by former President Joe Biden had been continued.

“The US retreat from its global climate finance commitments is a staggering blow to the chances of keeping global temperature rise to 1.5C [above preindustrial levels]. By abruptly axing nearly a tenth of the limited funds for climate protection in developing countries, it is effectively abandoning millions of communities who have done nothing to cause global heating but who are losing homes, livelihoods and lives because of it,” Anne Jellema, 350.org’s executive director, told The Guardian.

Roughly $8 of every $100 in aid to help developing countries manage extreme weather impacts and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions came from the U.S.

Trump has threatened to cancel nearly all USAID projects, with climate funding likely to be put on the “cutting block,” an expert told Carbon Brief.

U.S. climate finance from USAID reached almost $3 billion in 2023, the analysis said.

The Trump administration has also cancelled an additional $4 billion in funding from the U.S. for the United Nations Green Climate Fund.

The $300 billion climate finance goal agreed upon by nations in 2024 could face an “enormous gulf” if the U.S. stops providing and reporting any official climate finance, another expert said.

The U.S. is the fourth-largest international climate finance provider, but also the largest economy and biggest carbon dioxide emitter in the world. In other words, its wealth and climate change responsibility are disproportionate to its contributions to global climate finance.

Just 0.24 percent of the country’s gross national income (GNI) is given as aid to developing countries — the same as the Czech Republic, whose GNI is three times less.

The Biden administration’s significant increases in climate finance helped developed countries reach their $100 billion target in 2022.

“The way that the Biden administration was doing stuff and the way that [former president Barack] Obama before was doing stuff, [was to] start to weave a degree of climate sensitivity into everything… So, basically, a huge percentage of programmes [are] working on some aspect of climate,” Dr. Ed Carr, a Stockholm Environment Institute US center director who previously worked at USAID, told Carbon Brief.

In one of Trump’s many executive orders, a “pause” was put on U.S. foreign aid, 60 percent of which is handled by USAID, with the State Department overseeing most of the rest.

The approval of Congress is required for USAID funds to be repurposed, or for Trump to “close it down,” as he said he would like to do in a post on Truth Social.

Lawsuits and court orders have instructed the Trump administration to lift its pause, but it has instead stated an intention to do away with over 90 percent of USAID contracts, as well as $60 billion of U.S. foreign aid.

“This would have major implications for US climate finance,” Carbon Brief said.

USAID projects include a significant amount of grant-based funding, which many developing countries prefer to loans, seeing it as providing better support for climate adaptation.

“Now is the moment for wealthy nations to rise above politics and show real leadership. The world is watching, and the stakes have never been higher. We must act together to keep hope alive for a livable future,” Jellema told The Guardian.

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U.S. National Parks Saw Record Attendance in 2024, but Staff Were Told Not to Publicize the Achievement

Posted on by March 10, 2025

In 2024, the U.S. National Parks received a record-high visitor turnout, even higher than the previous record set in 2016. But based on an internal memo shared by the group Resistance Rangers, which is made up of current and former National Park Service (NPS) workers, NPS staff have been told not to share external communications about the record number of visits.

The information is publicly available on the NPS Visitation Statistics Dashboard, which shared that there were 331.9 million visits to National Parks sites in 2024, up from the previous record of 330,971,689 set in 2016. This number also increased by 6.36 million visits, or 2%, compared to visits in 2023.

Yet according to the internal memo shared by Resistance Rangers, NPS workers were advised that there would be no external communications rollout. The internal memo noted that parks could share the visitor number info on their websites if “that is the park’s standard process (e.g. parks that post monthly visitation reports), but should not issue a press release or other proactive communications, including social media posts.”

Further, staff was advised to respond to reporters by simply stating the numbers and redirecting them to the Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) website. As SFGATE reported, this memo was different from previous years, when NPS has put out both reports on the number of visitors and on how these visits can economically benefit the areas surrounding national park sites.

Kati Schmidt, communications director for National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA), told SFGATE that the annual visitor reports typically involve a lot of external outreach for NPS and individual parks.

“The silence is a little weird,” Schmidt wrote in an email to SFGATE.

As the parks reach record-high attendance, both Resistance Rangers and NPCA have pointed out that NPS is under threat with recent mass firings and planned NPS office closings.

“At the same time, 1,000 probationary employees were fired last month and have not been reinstated, despite a federal court ruling finding the firings illegal. At least 700 employees have taken the deferred resignation (‘fork’) option,” Resistance Rangers wrote in a press release. “Phase 1 Reduction in Force plans are due on March 13, despite the NPS being critically understaffed even before the recent cuts. This leaves national parks critically understaffed as they approach the busiest time of year, despite being more popular than ever.”

As NPCA reported, the current administration has planned to close at least 34 NPS facilities, including eight visitor centers, climate-controlled facilities with sensitive artifacts and emergency facilities.

“These moves by the administration are pushing our parks past the point of no return,” said Theresa Pierno, president and CEO of NPCA. “For over a century, Americans have loved and fought to protect our national parks. This administration’s actions are a betrayal of that legacy. The American people expect leaders to protect our parks, not dismantle them.”

As SFGATE reported, the memo to not share record visitor statistics externally raises concerns over directives coming from the administration, not NPS, amid the recent firings and planned facility closures.

“The suppression of this data would not be coming from anyone in the NPS, which proudly displays the numbers every year (just look back at the last 20 years!),” Jonathan Jarvis, former director of NPS, told SFGATE. “This decision would be forced on NPS by the DOI politicals or DOGE, worried about the high visitation numbers, the economic value, and the bad press coming from firing so many NPS employees.”  

According to NPS data, 2024 visits expanded across the board, with new visitation records set at 28 parks and more visitors coming to park sites throughout the year (not just during peak seasons). Thirty-eight parks also had visitor numbers higher than the 10-year average for every single month of 2024.

The Golden Gate National Recreation Area had the highest number of visits, nearly 17.2 million, of any NPS site, while the Great Smoky Mountains was the most-visited National Park with 12.2 million visits. Other top-visited National Parks included Zion (4.94 million visits), Grand Canyon (4.91 million), Yellowstone (4.74 million) and Rocky Mountain (4.15 million).

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Climate Change Threatens Earth’s Major Crops, Study Finds

Posted on by March 7, 2025

With global average temperatures expected to continue to rise in the coming decades, scientists have projected that warming will significantly harm global agriculture as it weakens crop yields and disrupts food production. Now, new research finds that warming will disrupt many of Earth’s major crops and harm global crop diversity.

The study, conducted by researchers at Aalto University in Finland and published in the journal Nature Food, analyzed 30 of the world’s most important crops and modeled how climate change is likely to affect their safe climatic space under different potential global warming scenarios.

The researchers found that crops growing at lower latitudes, or closer to the equator, will be hardest hit as those areas continue to get hotter and more arid.

Nature Food

Speaking about global crop diversity, Matti Kummu, the senior author who oversaw the study, said diversity will only decline as temperatures rise.

“If we go beyond two degrees of warming,” he told EcoWatch on a video call, “there are really, really drastic impacts on both the diversity and the available crops, especially in the tropics and equatorial region, where it’s already very vulnerable.”

“The loss of diversity means that the range of food crops available for cultivation could decrease significantly in certain areas,” said Sara Heikonen, the study’s lead author, in a press release. “That would reduce food security and make it more difficult to get adequate calories and protein.”

For each of the 30 crops, the researchers established their “safe climatic space,” which can be likened to a Goldilocks zone of optimal growth, using average precipitation, aridity and temperature. Then, the researchers applied four different projected warming conditions for four scenarios: at 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average.

As warming increases, the researchers found, the safe climatic space for crops tends to move farther and farther away from the equator, and if warming goes beyond 1.5 degrees, it could threaten “up to half” of the world’s crops at lower latitudes, according to a press release.

The findings also beg environmental justice concerns. Because equatorial nations tend to be poorer than countries at higher latitudes, the countries and people least responsible for climate change would pay the highest price with fewer resources to adapt.

“The negative effects are mostly concentrated on the equatorial region,” Heikonen said, which is already at around 1.5 to 2 degrees of warming. “It depends on the region of course, but 25% of the current production might already be at risk even even at the lower warm levels, whereas up here in the North or in the southern parts of the Southern Hemisphere, the negative effects are not that pronounced.”

“In Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,” she added, “this is a big threat for food security, because in these areas, the population is growing rapidly still, and food supply is already insufficient in some of these places.”

Nature Food

The researchers call for broad mitigation steps to avoid the worst of the consequences on food systems.

“Although climate change will be difficult to just adapt to, we also need to mitigate climate change, but there are things that can be done to support the current production even in the most severely impacted areas,” Heikonen said.

“For example, choosing these kind of under-utilized traditional local crops that might be more climate-resilient, or developing new plant varieties, and then we could develop the agriculture management practices such as irrigation and fertilization, and then there are these more regenerative agriculture practices such as agroforestry.”

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London’s Ultra-Low Emission Zone Expansion Has Effectively Reduced Air Pollution, Report Finds

Posted on by March 7, 2025

In London, the implementation and expansion of the Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) has reduced air pollution by decreasing amounts of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter and carbon emissions, according to new data by City Hall reviewed by independent air quality experts.

In total, air quality in London is improving at a faster rate compared to the rest of England, and the ULEZ has reduced enough carbon emissions to equal the impact of removing 3 million one-way passenger trips from Heathrow Airport to New York City, according to the report.

The Ultra-Low Emission Zone was first implemented in 2019, when it became the first low-emission zone to operate 24/7. In February 2023, a peer-reviewed study by the London mayor’s office showed that the zone was working after an initial expansion to include inner London. At that point, the zone had led to a 21% decrease in nitrogen dioxide levels in inner London and a 46% reduction in these emissions in central London. That report also found a decline in fine particulate matter and carbon emissions both inside the ULEZ and across London entirely.

In August 2023, the ULEZ was expanded again to cover the entire city, with expectations that this move would improve air quality for 5 million more people living in London’s outer boroughs. The ULEZ is now the largest low-emission zone globally.

Now, new data proves the expanded low-emission zone has made serious improvements to the air quality in and around the city, including a 27% decline in nitrogen dioxide levels, across London.

“When I was first elected, evidence showed it would take 193 years to bring London’s air pollution within legal limits if the current efforts continued. However, due to our transformative policies we are now close to achieving it this year,” London Mayor Sadiq Khan said in a statement. “Today’s report shows that ULEZ works, driving down levels of pollution, taking old polluting cars off our roads and bringing cleaner air to millions more Londoners.”

The report revealed that fine particulate matter levels were 31% lower in the outer boroughs of London than they would have been without the expansion, and air quality has improved at 99% of city-wide air quality monitoring sites since 2019.

According to data from Transport for London (TfL), the number of ULEZ-compliant vehicles in London is now 96.7%, compared to just 39% in February 2017 and 91.6% in June 2023. There are about 100,000 fewer non-compliant vehicles per day on average in London as of September 2024 compared to June 2023, just before the ULEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. 

Officials noted the transition to cleaner vehicles is in part thanks to the ULEZ scrappage program, which offered a total of £200 million ($258.37 million) in grants for people who wanted to either retrofit non-compliant vehicles, scrap them with goals of buying a cleaner vehicle, or donate the older vehicles to Ukraine. The program received over 54,000 applications.

For critics concerned over economic impacts of the ULEZ on local tourism and businesses, officials noted that retail and leisure spending weren’t impacted by the expansion, and visitor footfall even increased nearly 2% since the zone was expanded to cover the outer boroughs.

To further improve London’s air quality, the city is also adding more “zero-emission” buses, offering free and discounted public transportation opportunities, expanding cycling networks and installing more EV charging infrastructure. The mayor has set a target for at least 80% of trips in the city to be made by walking, cycling or riding public transportation by 2041.

“Improving air quality through initiatives like the Ultra Low Emission Zone in London is crucial for protecting public health and reducing the burden of disease,” Dr. Maria Neira, director of the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health at the World Health Organization (WHO), said in a statement. “Cleaner air leads to healthier communities, lower rates of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, and a better quality of life for all residents.”

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Exposure to More Than One Pesticide Increases Risk of Childhood Cancer: Study

Posted on by March 7, 2025

When children are exposed to multiple pesticides, it significantly increases their risk of childhood cancers in comparison to being exposed to just one, according to new research.

The results of the study bring up new concerns that kids are at greater risk from the harmful effects of the toxic substances than once thought, reported The Guardian.

“We observed a statistically significant positive association between the 32 agrichemicals and overall pediatric cancer and subtypes,” the authors of the study wrote. “Dicamba, glyphosate, paraquat, quizalofop, triasulfuron, and tefluthrin largely contributed to the joint association… We observed positive associations between agrichemical mixtures and overall cancer, brain and CNS cancers, and leukemia among children.”

In the first-of-its kind study, researchers examined the association between exposures to multiple commonly used pesticides and the most prevalent childhood cancers. The bulk of earlier research had focused on the toxicity of individual pesticides.

“As individuals, we aren’t just exposed to one chemical, but a mixture, so if you are just studying one chemical alone, then you are not able to capture the exposures – it gives you limited information,” lead author of the study Jabeen Taiba, a postdoctoral research associate with University of Nebraska Medical Center, told The Guardian.

People can become exposed to multiple pesticides through foods such as fish, meat, produce and processed foods, as well as through drinking water. Children living in agricultural communities can also be exposed to contaminated dust, air and water, as well as to pesticide residue inside their homes.

The researchers found that being exposed to a 10 percent mixture of pesticides increased the rate of brain cancer by 36 percent, overall pediatric cancer by 30 percent and leukemia by 23 percent. The cancers are some of the most common in Nebraska, where the study was conducted.

“Among the pesticides considered in the mixture, herbicides contributed the most toward these joint associations,” the authors wrote in the study.

The findings, “Exploring the Joint Association Between Agrichemical Mixtures and Pediatric Cancer,” were published in the journal GeoHealth.

The research team looked at 22 years of cancer data in Nebraska from 2,500 pediatric cases. Located in the country’s agricultural heartland, the state has the second-highest rates of childhood cancer in the U.S., partially because of widespread pesticide use.

Pesticides are particularly harmful to children due to their smaller size and because they are still growing, which means the health risks can be higher at a lower level of exposure.

Taiba said farm workers and those in agricultural communities face the greatest risks, though exposure through food is an underestimated danger to children.

Taiba recommended that people take measures to protect themselves, like investing in effective water filtration systems and buying organic foods when they can, until regulators begin taking the toxicity of multiple substances into account.

Taiba also advised adults working with pesticides to leave their shoes and work clothes outside. Earlier research has found that pesticides brought or tracked into the home represent a major source of exposure for kids.

“These results can help policymakers make better decisions to protect children from pesticide exposure and reduce the pediatric cancer burden,” the study’s authors wrote.

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Trump Administration Sued for Freezing Funds That Help Protect Vulnerable Species Like Rhinos and Elephants

Posted on by March 6, 2025

Environmentalists are urging the Trump administration to reverse a decision to freeze funding for important conservation work aimed at protecting iconic at-risk species, which includes anti-poaching patrols for vulnerable elephants and rhinos.

The Center for Biological Diversity sent a notice of intent to sue to the administration on Wednesday over the funding cuts.

“The Trump administration’s funding freeze for anti-poaching patrols and other international conservation work is maddening, heartbreaking, and very illegal,” said Sarah Uhlemann, the Center for Biological Diversity’s international program director, in a press release from the nonprofit environmental organization. “These Fish and Wildlife Service funds help protect elephants, rhinos and other animals across the globe that Americans love. No one voted to sacrifice the world’s most iconic wildlife to satisfy some unelected billionaire’s reckless power trip.”

The funds, administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), support projects like scientific research on the decline of elephants, anti-poaching patrols for rhinos and fighting trafficking of threatened turtle populations in countries without the resources to protect them. The funds are provided by Americans through the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) with the intent of keeping the animals from going extinct.

“This insanity has to stop or some of the world’s most endangered animals will die,” Uhlemann said.

USFWS has stopped the flow of tens of millions in foreign conservation funding, in addition to ordering grant recipients to halt work under their contracts.

A rhinoceros in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. WLDavies / E+ / Getty Images

The abrupt funding freeze has left a number of nonprofits in disarray globally, forced to lay off staff members and not knowing how they will keep up their vital conservation work.

The legal notice makes it clear that the suspension of funds by USFWS without consideration of the harm it would cause threatened species violates the ESA. It also violates laws that require rational decision-making by agencies, as well as the constitutional separation of powers.

A similar freeze of USAID funds by the Trump administration was found to be illegal by several courts, which ordered the restart of payments. When funding was not resumed by the administration, an order for compliance was set by one court last week. However, that deadline has since been paused by the Supreme Court, which is considering the matter.

“Trump and his unelected cronies are gleefully tearing apart the federal government without care for whom or what it harms. It’s careless, callous, and a violation of the laws that protect us all,” Uhlemann said.

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Researchers Find More Than 1,400 Species in the Guts of Asian Hornets

Posted on by March 6, 2025

The Asian hornet, or Vespa velutina, is an invasive species in western Europe that is also known by the name “Asian predatory wasp.” It is a close relative to the Asian giant hornet, or murder hornet, that was first spotted in the U.S. in 2019. Both species have raised immediate concerns for honeybee populations.

Now, scientists have confirmed that the invasive Vespa velutina species can wreak havoc on bees and other critters, as a new study has revealed the presence of more than 1,400 different species in the guts of larval Asian hornets, which depend on the adult hornets for food. 

Researchers investigated the ecological threats from Asian hornets by analyzing the diets and the guts of more than 1,500 samples of hornets found in France, Spain, Jersey and the UK.

They found 1,449 different species total inside the guts of these hornet samples, with the found species including bees and wasps, flies, butterflies and moths, beetles and spiders. The most commonly found species was the Apis mellifera, also known as the western honey bee or European honey bee.

Further, researchers noted that of the 50 most abundant species found in the gut samples, 43 species were those that visit and pollinate flowers. Four of the top 50 included common species of bumblebees. The scientists published their findings in the journal Science of The Total Environment.

Based on these results, the research team has raised concerns over how the invasive Asian hornet could threaten vulnerable species, particularly important pollinators.

“Most insect populations are in decline due to factors such as habitat destruction and chemical pollution. The expanding area inhabited by Asian hornets poses an extra threat,” Siffreya Pedersen, lead author of the study, said in a statement.

Three of the top predated species included the European honey bee, the buff-tailed bumblebee and the red-tailed bumblebee, all of which are essential crop pollinators in Europe. As The Guardian reported, one Asian hornet can kill about 50 bees per day, presenting a serious threat to already vulnerable bee populations. If Asian hornets continue to spread and prey on these pollinators, the authors warned there could be serious and widespread environmental impacts.

While predation of bees and other pollinators is of concern, there could be further ecological disruptions if flies, beetles, spiders, and other organisms become prey to this non-native species of hornets.

“Insects play vital roles in enabling ecosystems to function – including pollination, decomposition and pest control,” Pedersen said. 

According to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Asian hornets first came to Europe by accident through a shipment to France in 2004. This species’ predation of bees is well-known, but the latest study reveals that these hornets have a varied diet throughout the year and are also harming populations of other organisms, revealing a broader threat.

“Our study provides important additional evidence of the threat posed by Asian hornets as they spread across Europe,” said Peter Kennedy, co-author of the study and a research fellow at University of Exeter’s Environment and Sustainability Institute.

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Americans Have Become More Aware That Climate Change Is Harmful to Their Health, Survey Says

Posted on by March 6, 2025

Over the last decade, people living in the United States have become more aware that the climate crisis is harming their health, according to a new survey conducted by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University (GMU) Center for Climate Change Communication.

The findings are detailed in a report: Climate Change in the American Mind: Public Perceptions of the Health Harms of Global Warming, Fall 2024.

The nationally representative survey was conducted in December of last year and paints a picture of Americans’ perceptions of the health risks posed by various sources of energy and climate change.

Global heating is the source of many health problems in the U.S., including injuries and deaths caused by extreme weather, wildfires, heat waves, floods, increased air pollution and a wider geographic range for infectious diseases, the Executive Summary of the report said.

The harm that the climate crisis brings disproportionately impacts people of color, those with low incomes and those with health conditions, among others.

“The survey results reported here assess Americans’ awareness and understanding of the health harms of global warming; their beliefs about who should take action to protect people from these harms; and their trust in various sources of information about these harms. We compare many of the results with prior surveys conducted in 2014, 2018, and 2020,” the Executive Summary said.

Among the report’s key findings was that 39 percent of Americans believe global warming is harming the country’s health “a great deal” or “a moderate amount,” which is an increase of eight percent since 2014. In contrast, just 16 percent believe their personal health is being impacted negatively by global heating to the same extent.

Meanwhile, 47 percent of Americans know that some groups are more likely to experience health harms from global warming, which is a 13 point increase from 2014.

The survey’s principal investigator Edward Maibach said the results were fundamentally irreconcilable with actions taken by the Trump administration, reported Inside Climate News.

“If they were engaged in good governing, they would look at what [voters] care about and then try to build a consensus about what they’re doing, and that doesn’t seem to be the way they’re governing,” said Maibach, who is director of the Center for Climate Change Communication at GMU.

According to the results of the survey, 65 percent of Americans believe coal is harmful to people’s health, while 38 percent think the same about natural gas — nine points higher than in 2018.

More than half of Americans — 53 percent — think nuclear energy is harmful to health, the same as in 2018.

Nearly 40 percent of those who participated in the survey believe federal agencies like the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Federal Emergency Management Agency should take more steps to safeguard people from the health impacts of global warming.

Nearly a quarter of Americans believe health professionals like nurses and doctors should do more.

Maibach said the findings demonstrated that Americans have increased trust in researchers and scientists, which came as a surprise, Inside Climate News reported. He said the results overall showed an increasing awareness that could help strengthen efforts to combat global heating.

“The fact that we’re seeing such a strong uptick in public understanding that climate change is harming the health of Americans, we fundamentally are optimistic that that will build the public will for climate action,” Maibach said.

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‘A Weird Way of Making America Great’: Trump NOAA Purge Targets Scientists Working on Key Climate Models

Posted on by March 5, 2025

Layoffs by the Trump administration at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have reached the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), a small but important institute that is responsible for climate models the world relies on.

Kai-Yuan Cheng, an atmospheric scientist who was notified of his firing late last week, said he rushed to finish his work on severe storm forecasting on one hour’s notice.

“I worked to the last minute of my federal employment,” Cheng said, as Science reported. “I tried my best to wrap up my work before I lost access.”

Cheng and nine other GFDL employees were fired from the Princeton, New Jersey, research center, as part of a far-reaching round of layoffs announced by the Trump administration late last month.

Started in 1955, GFDL is responsible for some of the planet’s most highly regarded climate and weather models. They are relied upon for global heating projections, as well as weather forecasting in the United States.

Several of the workers who were fired were in charge of crucial projects, and it is likely that several GFDL projects — including a new type of atmospheric model — will face delays, as will more accurate regional climate predictions.

Tom Di Liberto, an NOAA climate scientist and public affairs specialist who was laid off, told the American Institute of Physics (AIP) that seven of the 25 employees at the Office of Communications had been fired. Additionally, 11 employees were fired from the Environmental Modeling Center.

“Some would say we were already falling behind some of our modeling, and by firing folks like this here, there’s no way you can catch up,” Di Liberto said in a press release from AIP. “It’s a weird way of making America great.”

Last week, the Trump administration fired from 600 to 900 NOAA employees, most of whom were new or recently promoted “probationary” workers.

The American Meteorological Society earlier this week warned that the firings “are likely to cause irreparable harm and have far-reaching consequences for public safety, economic well-being, and the United States’ global leadership.”

The firings have impacted all of NOAA’s labs, which provide research on subjects as diverse as upper-atmospheric pollution and evidence of global warming in the deepest parts of the ocean, reported Science.

Of special concern to GFDL is the latest version of its atmospheric model, AM5. The new model is designed to run at higher frequencies and resolutions, and allows for the use of long-term climate change code to be used in seasonal weather forecasts. The updates required the reworking of model simulations of factors like rainfall, clouds, gravity waves and stratospheric ozone.

Scheduled to be completed this year, AM5 was expected to be the basis of GFDL’s future climate modeling efforts globally, with applications from United Nations climate change reports to insurance companies.

Sources told Science that two scientists who were central to AM5, including one lead, have been fired. Both had been employed as contractors for many years before they were officially hired.

One had given up their citizenship for the job. The researcher will likely stay on to work at the lab on a volunteer basis, hopeful that AM5 will be completed, with likely delays. The researcher said they left the country of their birth partially due to its authoritarian politics, adding that it was ironic and sad to witness similar dynamics coming to the U.S.

“I feel somewhat helpless. I want to push back. I want to do something,” the researcher said.

Some of the firings could face legal challenges, as happened at the National Science Foundation.

In an indication of possible backtracking, the Trump administration issued new guidelines on Tuesday stating that agencies, rather than the White House Office of Personnel Management, were the ultimate authority on whether to implement the firings.

Chris Bretherton, the atmospheric scientist in charge of nonprofit Ai2’s climate modeling, said it was disheartening to watch future climate research leaders at institutions like GFDL being indiscriminately fired.

“Artificial intelligence,” Bretherton said, “cannot compensate for a lack of human intelligence.”

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Half of Global Carbon Emissions Come From Just 36 Fossil Fuel Companies, Study Says

Posted on by March 5, 2025

According to the latest update to the Carbon Majors database, produced by InfluenceMap, just 36 companies are linked to more than half of global carbon emissions.

In total, Carbon Majors has traced 33.9 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) emissions to 169 active companies in its database for 2023, with its database emissions making up 78.4% of total carbon emissions from fossil fuels and cement. 

Thirty-six companies are responsible for more than half of these emissions, according to the analysis. Further, the 2023 emissions total increased 0.7% compared to 2022.

“Global GHG emissions continue to rise, with over half of all fossil CO2 emissions coming from just 36 companies, as the latest InfluenceMap findings reveal,” Johan Rockström, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, said in a statement. “While a few profit-driven corporations continue to expand fossil fuel infrastructure, climate disasters are hitting hardest in regions where people have contributed the least, damaging the lives of millions and pushing us closer to unmanageable tipping points. A global turnaround is not just urgent — it’s essential, and it must start with these key players.”

For 2023, coal was responsible for the highest amount of emissions, about 41.1% of all emissions in the database. The total of coal emissions has increased since 2016, InfluenceMap reported. Cement-related emissions had the largest rate of increase, 6.5%, since 2022.

Despite global governmental and company pledges to reduce emissions to curb the worst effects of climate change, the updated data revealed that 93 companies increased emissions from 2022 to 2023, three companies had little to no changes in emissions, and 73 of the entities had decreased emissions.

“It is clearer than ever that dirty private companies, driven by profits and business as usual, will never choose to self-regulate,” Tzeporah Berman, founder and co-chair of the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative, said in a statement. “Governments around the world must use their power to end fossil fuel expansion and transition their economies before fossil fuel companies destroy the planet.”

However, it’s not just private companies that are topping the list of highest emitters. The 20 highest emitters made up 17.5 GtCO2e in 2023, with 16 of these top 20 being state-owned companies. According to the data, the five highest state-owned entity emitters included Saudi Aramco, Coal India, CHN Energy, National Iranian Oil Co. and Jinneng Group, while the five highest investor-owned company emitters for 2023 included ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, TotalEnergies and BP.

As The Guardian reported, if the highest emitting state-owned entity, Saudi Aramco, was a country, it would rank fourth as the highest global polluter. ExxonMobil would have a similar amount of emissions as all of Germany, which is the ninth most polluting country in the world.

Beyond 2023, the database has accounted for 1,388 GtCO2e from 1854 through 2023, with these emissions linked to 180 industrial entities. According to InfluenceMap, the carbon dioxide from the cumulative historical emissions in the database is equal to nearly 68% of all fossil fuel and cement carbon emissions on Earth since 1750, and one-third of the historic global carbon emissions can be traced to 26 companies.

With the latest updates to its Carbon Majors database, InfluenceMap is urging governments to establish more accountability and sustainable changes for industry entities, which account for such a large, and increasing, share of emissions.

“While states drag their heels on their Paris Agreement commitments, state-owned companies are dominating global emissions — ignoring the desperate needs of their citizens,” said Christiana Figueres, global climate leader and former executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change when the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015. “The science is clear: we cannot move backwards to more fossil fuels and more extraction. Instead, we must move forward to the many possibilities of a decarbonized economic system that works for people and the planet.”

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