River Rescue Kits Empower UK Communities to Tackle Sewage Pollution

The newly launched River Rescue Kit provides expert guidance for people in the United Kingdom to take action to help protect their local waterways.

The online resource, launched by UK-based environmental campaign organization River Action, can help empower communities to take steps to stop the growing river pollution crisis, a press release from University of Manchester said.

“The state of our rivers is a national scandal, and Greater Manchester is no exception. We need people on the ground to push for change – the River Rescue Kit provides the tools they need to do that effectively,” said Jamie Woodward, a physical geography professor at University of Manchester, in the press release.

In a video, Woodward highlighted the alarming amount of sewage contaminating the Manchester region’s rivers, describing them as frequently being “little better than open sewers.”

The video highlights the issue’s urgency, as well as the crucial part local communities can play in affecting change.

Woodward described how the toxic pollutants harm wildlife, degrade ecosystems and pose public health risks.

Roughly 75 percent of rivers in the UK now pose a “serious” health risk to humans, the River Rescue Kit website said.

“Presently, water companies have little incentive to change their reckless behaviour, with regulators consistently failing to enforce legislation and issue meaningful fines,” the website said. “Fines for breaking the law are so infrequent and minimal that polluting becomes financially advantageous, effectively encouraging companies to continue the harmful practice.”

Woodward emphasized that scientific research can reveal the scale of the issue, but true progress is made when communities come together and campaign for action.

“The River Rescue Kit is designed to support individuals and grassroots organisations in holding polluters and policymakers accountable,” the press release said. “It offers guidance on gathering water quality data, lobbying decision-makers and raising public awareness.”

Woodward underscored the impact of efforts by organizations like Windrush Against Sewage Pollution, which have helped shift political and public conversation surrounding the issue.

“Community activism works,” Woodward said. “We need more people to step up, challenge the status quo, and demand urgent action to clean up our rivers.”

Additional information and access to the River Rescue Kit can be found here.

“River Action and Professor Woodward urge the public to engage with the River Rescue Kit and join the fight against river pollution. By equipping communities with specialist knowledge and tools, this initiative aims to drive meaningful change and restore the UK’s rivers to health,” the press release said.

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Judge Blocks Trump EPA From Clawing Back $14 Billion in Climate Grants

United States District Judge Tonya S. Chutkan on Tuesday temporarily blocked the Trump Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from halting $14 billion in grants that the Biden administration had awarded to three climate groups.

Judge Chutkan said the government’s “vague and unsubstantiated assertions of fraud are insufficient,” reported The Associated Press.

Climate United Fund, Coalition for Green Capital and Power Forward Communities each received $7 billion, $5 billion and $2 billion, respectively. They were among five other recipients of more than $20 billion from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund — known as the “green bank” — established as part of former President Joe Biden’s 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, The Washington Post reported.

The judge also stopped Citibank — the holder and administrator of the grant funds — from transferring the money to anyone, including the government.

“At this juncture, EPA Defendants have not sufficiently explained why unilaterally terminating Plaintiffs’ grant awards was a rational precursor to reviewing” the green bank program, Chutkan wrote in the 23-page opinion.

The purpose of the green bank is to leverage both public and private monies for investment in clean-energy technologies like solar panels and heat pumps, including through community lenders located in low-income areas, reported Politico.

“We have collectively deployed or invested over $100 billion in community-based housing, health, environmental, and economic development initiatives and created or preserved over 1.4 million affordable housing units,” Power Forward Communities wrote in a work plan submitted to the EPA for its share of the grants.

Prior to freezing the grants, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin had accused recipients of fraud, mismanagement and self-dealing.

Before issuing a temporary restraining order on the grant stoppages, Chutkan said the actions by the EPA raised “serious due process concerns.” The judge ordered that the funds be held in the grantees’ Citibank accounts rather than being clawed back or used for another purpose while the case moves forward, but did not release the money.

Chutkan said the EPA was not being forced to “undo” termination of the grants and that the ruling would not make the funds unrecoverable, but its purpose was to ensure the government abided by laws and regulations related to grants, “which serves the public interest.”

“The government can’t just void contracts and void agreements and terminate things without following its own regulation,” the judge had said during an earlier court hearing.

Climate United CEO Beth Bafford said Tuesday’s ruling was “a step in the right direction.”

“In the coming weeks, we will continue working towards a long-term solution that will allow us to invest in projects that deliver energy savings, create jobs, and boost American manufacturing in communities across the country,” Bafford said, as The Associated Press reported.

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World Experienced 152 Unprecedented Climate Events in 2024: WMO Report

According to the latest State of the Global Climate 2024 report from the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the world experienced 152 unprecedented and 297 unusual extreme events related to climate change last year. 

Topping the list of extreme events were heat waves, with 137 events, followed by extreme rain and wet spells (115 events), flooding (104 events), tropical cyclones (47) and drought (44). 

In total, these events were linked to 1.1 million people injured, 1,700 deaths and 824,500 people displaced. As The Guardian reported, the number of people displaced by extreme climate events in 2024 was the highest annual number since 2008, when the records began. These events also lead to worsening food insecurity and major economic losses as well as environmental devastation.

In addition, the report revealed that the Earth is now experiencing alarming climate extremes that may be irreversible for hundreds or thousands of years, with the rate of sea level rise doubling between when satellite records began to 2024.

According to the study, 18 of the lowest amounts of Arctic sea ice happened in the past 18 years, while in the Antarctic, the three lowest levels of sea ice extent happened in the past three years. Global glacier mass reached a record-high three-year loss in the past three years as well. Further, ocean heat reached a new record each year for the past eight years.

The amount of sea level rise and ocean warming could be irreversible for at least hundreds of years, WMO reported.

WMO also confirmed earlier expectations of 2024 being the warmest year in a 175-year-old record, noting that the global mean near-surface temperature was about 1.55 degrees Celsius higher than pre-industrial times.

“While a single year above 1.5°C of warming does not indicate that the long-term temperature goals of the Paris Agreement are out of reach, it is a wake-up call that we are increasing the risks to our lives, economies and to the planet,” WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo said in a press release.

Although there has been a short-term breach of the 1.5 degree Celsius target outlined in the Paris Agreement, WMO reported that long-term warming is still below 1.5 degrees compared to pre-industrial times. However, the Earth is nearing that limit, especially with carbon dioxide emissions reaching their highest level in 800,000 years and the 10 warmest years ever recorded happening in the last decade. According to WMO estimates, long-term warming is around 1.34 to 1.41 degrees Celsius compared to 1850-1900.

“Our planet is issuing more distress signals — but this report shows that limiting long-term global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius is still possible,” UN Secretary-General António Guterres said in a statement. “Leaders must step up to make it happen — seizing the benefits of cheap, clean renewables for their people and economies — with new National climate plans due this year.”

Additionally, WMO noted that investments in early warning systems will be essential in better protecting people from the worsening effects of climate change.

“We are making progress but need to go further and need to go faster,” Saulo said. “Only half of all countries worldwide have adequate early warning systems. This must change.”

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Wild Cougar Cubs Spotted in Western Michigan for the First Time in Over 100 Years

Wild cougar cubs have been seen in the western part of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula for the first time in over a century.

Last week state biologists confirmed that the spotted cubs — thought to be between seven and nine weeks old — were living on private property in Ontonagon County, a press release from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) said.

“It’s pretty exciting, considering this could be the first known cougar reproduction in modern times in the western Great Lakes states,” said wildlife biologist Brian Roell, a DNR large carnivore specialist and leader of the cub verification team, in the press release. “It really shows that we have a unique place in Michigan where someone has a chance to see a wolf, a moose and a cougar in the wild. It’s something that should be celebrated, that we have the habitat to support an elusive animal like this.”

A local resident took photos of the cubs on March 6, which Roell and the team used to verify the cubs’ presence in the area.

Originally native to Michigan, cougars were hunted to extinction in the state around the early 1900s. The last wild cougar who was legally taken was near Newberry in 1906, DNR said on its website.

“There have been many confirmed cougar sightings since 2008, including two illegal harvests in the Upper Peninsula,” the website said. “This situation is not unique to Michigan, but has been occurring in many other mid-western and eastern states, as young males disperse from core range in the western United States.”

Although cougars have been spotted in Michigan in the recent past, it was the first verified sighting of cougar cubs since their populations were decimated, Roell said.

The photographs were of the cubs without their mother, and they have not been seen again since March 6. Extremely dependent on their mothers, cougar cubs often remain with them throughout their first two years.

“Those young cougars are very vulnerable right now,” Roell said. “We don’t know where they are or if they’re even alive. Mother Nature can be very cruel.”

While cougars are Michigan natives, most of those there now seem to be transient, dispersing across the border from Western states.

Roell said there have been 132 reports of adult cougars verified by the DNR, but DNA testing had only confirmed male cougars to date.

Because they are listed as endangered in Michigan, it is illegal to harass or hunt cougars, including attempting to locate their den, Roell said.

Cougar sightings in Michigan can be logged through the Eyes in the Field reporting system, operated by the DNR.

Cougar cubs photographed by a Michigan resident who asked to remain anonymous. Michigan Department of Natural Resources

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Underwater ‘Doorbell’ Camera Helps Researchers Catch Coral-Eating Fish

Florida marine scientists have been working to help reverse a long-term decline in coral reefs by using doorbell-style surveillance cameras to catch fish in the act of eating coral laid as bait.

They found that three species — stoplight parrotfish, redband parrotfish and foureye butterflyfish — were responsible for eating over 97 percent of the corals.

“Intense fish predation on newly outplanted corals has emerged as a major restoration bottleneck. The main goal was to address our lack of knowledge of the fish species that target corals after outplanting,” said project leader Diego Lirman, an associate professor at University of Miami (UM)’s Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, as The Guardian reported.

The footage captured by the specialized cameras at an offshore reef close to Miami can be used to inform coral repopulation efforts. Coral cover in Florida has declined by 90 percent since the 1970s, with especially dire bleaching events due to human-caused global heating decimating corals over the past two summers.

“Identifying the fish species responsible for coral predation would allow practitioners to avoid reef sites or areas within sites with high abundances of those species and, similarly, select the right coral species for the right outplanting site,” Lirman said. “The coral-baited underwater cameras provide insight into corallivore behavior and preferences and allow documentation of predation at various sites rapidly and without incurring the cost of outplanting.”

The research team, funded by the Fish & Wildlife Foundation of Florida, designed and built the recording devices using waterproof-encased GoPro cameras that they attached to a frame made from PVC piping and lead weights for stability.

Once the retrofitted cameras were fine-tuned, divers secured them to the Paradise Reef seabed near Key Biscayne using cable ties and masonry nails.

They set the coral-baited remote underwater video station (C-BRUVS) so that it would record time-lapse video, the footage of which was collected first after periods of 24 and 48 hours, then weekly for six weeks.

Data collected during the study showed that redband parrotfish were the biggest coral bandits, responsible for 56.3 percent of bites on the fragments of nine coral species.

Foureye butterflyfish were the second-most voracious eaters of the corals with 36.9 percent, followed by stoplight parrotfish with just four percent.

Lirman said the three species “showed clear preferences” for two or three specific coral types, which received over 65 percent of all recorded bites.

“By identifying, for the first time, the main fish predators as well as their preferred diet, reef restoration practitioners can select sites and species that would minimize predation impacts and maximize restoration success before large-scale, costly outplanting is implemented,” Lirman said.

Lirman said similar research in the future could use elements of artificial intelligence (AI).

“Analyses of the videos were extremely time-consuming, requiring a constant rewinding and stopping of the footage to record and annotate coral/fish interactions,” Lirman explained. “It will be beneficial to explore AI software that can be trained to identify fish and their behaviors to automate the analysis process.”

UM marine scientist Erin Weisman presented the findings to a symposium of conservation leaders with Reef Florida last November at the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science in Miami.

“Florida’s Coral Reef is facing one of its greatest challenges yet, and our team is committed to pioneering new approaches to ensure its survival,” said Andrew Baker, a marine biology and ecology professor and director of the Rosenstiel School’s Coral Reef Futures Lab, in a press release from UM.

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Restored Grasslands Need 75+ Years for Biodiversity to Recover, Study Finds

According to a new study, restored grasslands will require long-term management in order to bring back specialized pollinators and ultimately restore biodiversity.

The study, published in Journal of Applied Ecology, analyzed the pollination success of native plants for varying durations of grassland management at the ski slopes in Nagano Prefecture. The restored areas studied spanned between 2 and 75 years since grassland restoration, and researchers examined native plant pollination across 28 different pollination networks. Researchers also examined old grasslands in the area for comparison.

“There is no place better suited to survey restored grasslands with very different management durations within a relatively small area than ski slopes,” Gaku S. Hirayama, doctoral student at Kobe University and corresponding author of the study, said in a statement.

As explained by the study, land use changes like agriculture and development are causing rapid decline of grasslands. In 2021, a report by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) determined that 1.6 million acres of grasslands in the Great Plains of North America alone were lost in just one year. In 2022, this number increased to 1.9 million acres in this region. As BirdLife International reported, half of all grasslands on Earth have been degraded in some capacity.

But while restoration helps improve biodiversity lost to land use changes, previous research has shown that undisturbed grasslands with long-standing management practices (over centuries to millennia) have much higher levels of biodiversity and climate resilience compared to restored grasslands, emphasizing an importance in not just restoring but preserving existing ecosystems. 

“The finding shows that once valuable old grasslands are lost, their restoration cannot be achieved quickly,” Hirayama said.

Over the course of the study, the researchers examined over 10,800 pollinator visits from 294 different pollinator species to 79 flowering plants in 2021. In 2022, they observed over 19,690 pollinator visits from 297 pollinator species to 88 flowering plants. Overall, they determined that older grasslands had a greater range of native plant biodiversity than younger, restored grasslands. 

Further, the results showed that plants’ reproductive success, pollination function and pollinator network-level specialization were all worse in grasslands restored after deforestation compared to older grasslands. Overall, the study revealed that newly restored grasslands need at least 75 years for pollinator specialization and function and for plant diversity to even begin to compare to the biodiversity of older grasslands.

Pollinator specialization is important to improving plant reproduction. As Kobe University reported, younger restored grasslands still had pollinators, like flies and hoverflies, but they are more general in their pollination behaviors. By comparison, specialized pollinators are more likely to transfer pollen between plants of the same species for proper pollination.

The findings revealed that both preservation of existing grasslands and close management of restored grasslands will be important in reclaiming biodiversity.

Atushi Ushimaru, ecologist at Kobe University and a co-author of the study, explained, “It may also indicate that grassland restoration should not just be left to nature, but could require active human involvement such as by sowing seeds or by planting seedlings of native bee- and butterfly-pollinated grassland plants.”

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UN Report Calls for Reduction of Building and Construction Emissions Worldwide

Building and construction consumes 32 percent of the world’s energy while contributing 34 percent of its carbon emissions. The sector depends on materials like steel and cement that are major contributors to construction waste and are also responsible for 18 percent of emissions worldwide.

While more countries are working toward decarbonizing their buildings, slow financing and progress is putting climate goals at risk, according to a new report published by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC).

“The buildings where we work, shop and live account for a third of global emissions and a third of global waste,” said Inger Andersen, executive director of UNEP, as AFP reported. “The good news is that government actions are working. But we must do more and do it faster.”

The Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024-2025Not just another brick in the wall highlights progress on global climate goals related to the sector. It calls for more ambition in six areas, including renewable energy, building financing and energy codes.

“I encourage all countries to include plans to rapidly cut emissions from buildings and construction in their new [Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)],” Inger said in a press release from UNEP.

Global initiatives and frameworks like the Intergovernmental Council for Buildings and Climate, the Declaration de Chaillot and Buildings Breakthrough are maintaining momentum toward the adoption of climate action plans for net-zero buildings in the lead up to the COP30 UN Climate Change Conference in Belem, Brazil.

“Reviewing the decade since the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the report finds 2023 was the first year when continued growth of building construction was decoupled from associated sector greenhouse gas emissions, which have previously plateaued,” UNEP said in the press release. “By adopting mandatory building energy codes aligned with net-zero emissions, mandatory performance standards and seizing energy efficiency investments, the sector’s energy intensity has reduced by almost 10% while the renewable energy share in final energy demand has increased by nearly 5%.”

Making the use of low-carbon building materials a priority, along with measures like circular construction practices, retrofitting existing buildings so that they are energy efficient and green leases can lower energy consumption, reduce overall emissions and enhance waste management.

“Given nearly half of the world’s buildings that will exist by 2050 have not yet been built, the adoption of ambitious energy building codes is critical. However, data points to a recent decline in highly effective measures like heat pump installations and over 50 per cent of newly constructed floorspace in emerging and developing economies is still not covered by building codes,” UNEP said.

The report challenged the biggest carbon-emitting nations to adopt zero-carbon energy codes for buildings by 2028, with all other countries to follow no later than 2035.

Integrating plans for building code reform into ongoing NDC submissions is crucial to achieving the Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge agreed upon at COP28.

“[A]ll governments, financial institutions and businesses need to work together to double global building energy efficiency investment from USD 270 billion to USD 522 billion by 2030,” the press release said. “Adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility measures, and circular economy practices – including longer building lifespans, better material efficiency and reuse, recycling, passive design, and waste management – are key to help bridge gaps in financing, while workforce development programmes are essential to fill skill gaps in the sector.”

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Farmer in Peru Takes Major Germany Energy Firm to Court Over Emissions

A lawsuit filed by a Peruvian farmer against major German energy company RWE began on Monday.

The claim, which argues that global heating fueled by the firm’s greenhouse gas emissions poses a risk to the farmer’s home, could set a new precedent for climate litigation, reported The Associated Press.

“We have waited 10 years for this day, this decisive day,” said Saúl Luciano Lliuya, as supporters cheered outside the courthouse. “I’m very excited; I hope that everything goes well.”

The lawsuit, filed in the Higher Regional Court in Hamm, western Germany, makes the case that RWE’s historical emissions have contributed to the global warming that has accelerated glacial melt near Lliuya’s hometown of Huaraz. This has caused Lake Palcacocha to rise to dangerous levels, raising the risk of disastrous flooding in the community.

Standing in front of photographs of glaciers shaped like mountains, Lliuya said that the lakes, glaciers and mountains “give us water, give us life,” as Euronews reported.

“[T]he glaciers are melting, are disappearing bit by bit. Some lakes, lakes like Palcacocha – it’s a risk to me, to more than 50,000 people who live in the zone at risk,” Lliuya said.

RWE does not operate in Peru and denied legal responsibility, saying there are many contributors to the global problem of climate change.

Lliuya first challenged RWE following a Carbon Majors Study from 2013 that said the company was responsible for 0.5 percent of post-industrialization climate change.

Huaraz is asking the energy company to pay roughly 0.5 percent of how much it will cost — an estimated $18,562 — to protect Huaraz from imminent flood risk and the overflow from the nearby lake.

“What I am asking is for the company to take responsibility for part of the construction costs, such as a dike in this case,” Lliuya told reporters in early March, as reported by Euronews.

Lliuya originally filed a lawsuit against RWE that was dismissed by an Essen court. An appeal to a higher court in 2017 led to the current hearing.

Roda Verheyen, lead lawyer in the case, said she was “calm but hopeful,” The Associated Press reported.

“[T]here is no time to be lost, because the glaciers are melting every day,” Verheyen said.

Saúl Luciano Lliuya visits the lake Palcacocha in Huaraz, Peru on May 23, 2022. Angela Ponce for The Washington Post via Getty Images

RWE said it has complied with government greenhouse gas emissions guidelines and has a target of being carbon-neutral by 2040. However, its historical contribution to global heating has brought attention to corporate responsibility for climate change in addition to cross-border legal accountability.

RWE “is still one of the biggest emitters of CO2 in all of Europe,” Verheyen said. “This is only a very first step — a trampoline for further cases of this kind.”

According to nonprofit research group Zero Carbon Analytics, there are more than 40 ongoing climate damage cases worldwide.

Flood risk from Lake Palcacocha is a real concern for the residents of Huaraz, reported NPR. A 1970 earthquake in the valley triggered a deadly landslide that took the lives of approximately 25,000 people.

In addition to the risk of flash flooding, avalanches and landslides, glacial melt is also interfering with the availability of drinking water for many communities. As ice sheets melt away, local streams have become toxic and discolored from recently exposed rocks containing heavy metals.

The region’s seasons are also affected, hindering agriculture.

“It is scary, the risk from climate change. For example, it has been raining. Even the rivers that pass through the city have risen,” Lliuya told NPR. “There is a lot of fear and the lake’s levels have risen. People are very worried.”

The case is being litigated near the head offices of RWE in Hamm and is expected to last several weeks.

“We want Saúl and the people of Huaraz to live in safety. No one should live in fear of losing their home due to the climate crisis. Polluters have to step up and pay the true price of their business model,” said Francesca Mascha Klein, a Germanwatch lawyer who is working with Lliuya on the case, as NPR reported.

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Cambridge, Massachusetts Bans Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers

Cambridge, Massachusetts has joined a growing list of cities that have banned gas-powered leaf blowers. The city’s ban went into effect over the weekend, and officials noted this move was in the interest of public health and reducing emissions for the environment.

Cambridge first passed the Leaf Blower Ordinance back in December 2023, but the ban took effect starting March 15 to give property owners time to change to alternative equipment. The ban currently applies to private use of leaf blowers, and residents will need to use electric or rechargeable battery-powered leaf blowers rather than gas. The leaf blowers also need to meet sound level requirements in the city’s ordinance to reduce noise pollution.

On March 15, 2026, the ban will extend and begin applying to the use of leaf blowers in professional landscaping as well. The city has compiled a list of businesses that already meet the electric or battery-powered leaf blower requirements, which could be helpful for customers looking for a greener lawn care option.

However, some people have voiced concerns over increasing landscaping costs and lower power from electric models compared to gas. 

Keri Brown, co-owner of R&S Landscaping, one of the companies in the list of compliant businesses, told The Boston Globe that using electric leaf blowers can take about 20% to 50% more time to clear out leaves compared to gas but that this was “a sign of the times,” and “It was going to happen, sooner or later.”

Some landscaping experts also said that residents may need to relax their expectations for picture-perfect landscaping as the city transitions to electric leaf blowers.

“Prices will go up for maintenance in Cambridge if people want the same garden aesthetic that they have,” Catherine Brownlee, managing director of Landscape Collaborative, Inc., another company on the compliant list, told The Boston Globe. “It’s just going to take a lot more time.”

Brownlee told The Boston Globe that some residents of Cambridge have already complained when comparing to lawns that used gas-powered leaf blowers, but a city-wide move to electric leaf blowers could change some minds that are more accepting of less pristine lawns.

To lower the costs for businesses and, by extension, consumers, Massachusetts State Representative Michelle Ciccolo has submitted a petition for a law that would offer tax credits for the purchase of electric landscaping equipment, such as leaf blowers, for small landscaping businesses, Clean Technica reported. 

The proposed legislation would “reduce the business’s tax liability for that year by 40% of the cost of purchasing said low noise, low emissions equipment up to an annual total of no more than ten thousand dollars.”

While the initial cost to transition equipment could be high, Clean Technica reported that the long-term costs could be lower, with daily fuel costs lowering by up to two-thirds when there is no longer a need to buy gas.

According to the government of Cambridge, switching to electric or battery-powered leaf blowers could reduce noise pollution, improve air quality and minimize harms to the environment. The government noted that the noise is disruptive to humans and wildlife, and the stronger airflower from gas-powered leaf blowers can damage topsoil and plants. Further, the emissions from using a gas-powered leaf blower for one hour is nearly equivalent to the emissions from driving a light-duty passenger car for 1,100 miles, according to the California Air Resources Board (CARB).

“I wish the whole state would move to it,” Cambridge City Councilor Patricia Nolan told The Boston Globe. “It makes no sense that we would allow something to continue to be used that’s clearly harmful to wildlife, to the soil, and to plants, and also to public health and worker safety.”

Cambridge is joining many other cities — and the state of California — in enacting bans on gas-powered leaf blowers and other polluting landscaping equipment. As The Associated Press reported, Montclair, New Jersey; Portland, Oregon; Burlington, Vermont; and Evanston, Illinois have passed bans along with Washington, DC and Montgomery County in Maryland.

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Whales Support Ecosystems by Transporting Nutrients Thousands of Miles in Their Urine: Study

Whales are important for healthy oceans. They move tons of deep-water nutrients to the surface when they poop, and, according to new research, they also transport massive amounts of nutrients from Alaska to Hawaii in their urine.

Fifteen years ago, scientists discovered that whale poop provided a crucial resource for the growth of plankton, contributing to ocean productivity, a press release from the University of Vermont (UVM) said.

Now, a new UVM-led study has found that whales carry large amounts of nutrients across entire ocean basins — from the cold waters of their feeding grounds to the warm seas where they mate and birth their calves near the equator. Most of the nutrients are transported through their urine, with carcasses, sloughed skin, placentas and calf feces also contributing.

“These coastal areas often have clear waters, a sign of low nitrogen, and many have coral reef ecosystems,” said co-author of the study Joe Roman, a biologist at UVM, in the press release. “The movement of nitrogen and other nutrients can be important to the growth of phytoplankton, or microscopic algae, and provide food for sharks and other fish and many invertebrates.”

The researchers calculated that, throughout the world’s oceans, great whales — including gray whales, humpbacks and right whales — move roughly 4,000 tons of nitrogen annually to tropical and subtropical low-nutrient coastal areas.

These massive whales also bring over 45,000 tons of biomass. Before whaling by humans decimated whale populations, at least three times more nutrients might have been transported these incredible distances.

“We call it the ‘great whale conveyor belt,’” Roman said, “or it can also be thought of as a funnel because whales feed over large areas, but they need to be in a relatively confined space to find a mate, breed, and give birth. At first, the calves don’t have the energy to travel long distances like the moms can.”

The whales also likely stay in sandy, shallow waters to muffle their sounds.

“Moms and newborns are calling all the time, staying in communication, and they don’t want predators, like killer whales, or breeding humpback males, to pick up on that,” Roman said.

This means the nutrients that are spread throughout the ocean are concentrated in much smaller coral and coastal ecosystems, “like collecting leaves to make compost for your garden,” Roman said.

During the summer months, adult whales feed in northern latitudes like Iceland, Alaska and Antarctica, eating herring and krill to put on tons of fat. Recent research has found that North Pacific humpbacks gain approximately 30 pounds a day from spring to fall.

“They need this energy for an amazing journey: baleen whales migrate thousands of miles to their winter breeding grounds in the tropics — without eating. For example, gray whales travel nearly 7000 miles between feeding grounds off Russia and breeding areas along Baja California. And humpback whales in the Southern Hemisphere migrate more than 5000 miles from foraging areas near Antarctica to mating sites off Costa Rica, where they burn off about 200 pounds each day, while urinating vast amounts of nitrogen-rich urea,” the press release said. “One study in Iceland suggests that fin whales produce more than 250 gallons of urine per day when they are feeding. Humans pee less than half a gallon daily.”

Whale migrations are the longest of any mammal on the planet.

“Because of their size, whales are able to do things that no other animal does. They’re living life on a different scale,” said co-author of the study Andrew Pershing, an oceanographer at nonprofit Climate Central, in the press release. “Nutrients are coming in from outside — and not from a river, but by these migrating animals. It’s super-cool, and changes how we think about ecosystems in the ocean. We don’t think of animals other than humans having an impact on a planetary scale, but the whales really do.”

Before industrial whaling in the 19th century, whales’ nutrient inputs would have “been much bigger and this effect would’ve been much bigger,” Pershing added.

Nutrient inputs for Earth’s largest animal ever, the blue whale, are unknown, so they were not included in the study’s primary calculations. Population numbers for blue whales who live in the Southern Ocean are still much lower than they once were after being decimated by hunting in the 20th century.

“There’s basic things that we don’t know about them, like where their breeding areas are,’’ Pershing said, “so that’s an effect that’s harder for us to capture.”

Humpbacks and blue whales were both depleted by whaling, but some humpback populations are rebounding after decades of conservation efforts.

“Lots of people think of plants as the lungs of the planet, taking in carbon dioxide, and expelling oxygen,” Roman said. “For their part, animals play an important role in moving nutrients. Seabirds transport nitrogen and phosphorus from the ocean to the land in their poop, increasing the density of plants on islands. Animals form the circulatory system of the planet — and whales are the extreme example.”

The study, “Migrating baleen whales transport high-latitude nutrients to tropical and subtropical ecosystems,” was published in the journal Nature Communications.

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