More than 1,900 scientists who are members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) have signed a letter warning the American public of the “danger” of Trump administration attacks on science.

The administration’s attack on scientific institutions in the United States has included cancellations of federal grants to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions; the firing of NASA, NOAA and other government employees; investigations and threats to private universities; resignations; and censorship, reported The Guardian.

“We see real danger in this moment. We hold diverse political beliefs, but we are united as researchers in wanting to protect independent scientific inquiry. We are sending this SOS to sound a clear warning: the nation’s scientific enterprise is being decimated,” the scientists stated in the letter.

Established by Congress in 1863 — during the administration of Abraham Lincoln — as the National Academy of Sciences, today the organization is a nonprofit and includes the National Academies of Engineering and Medicine. Together, the academies have over 6,800 peer-elected members.

“The quest for truth – the mission of science – requires that scientists freely explore new questions and report their findings honestly, independent of special interests. The administration is engaging in censorship, destroying this independence,” the letter stated. “It is using executive orders and financial threats to manipulate which studies are funded or published, how results are reported, and which data and research findings the public can access. The administration is blocking research on topics it finds objectionable, such as climate change, or that yields results it does not like, on topics ranging from vaccine safety to economic trends.”

The signatories are all elected members of NASEM and represent some of the top scientists in the country. The letter describes researchers removing scientifically accurate terminology from papers and grant proposals to comply with federal agencies; removing their own names from work; and abandoning studies, The Washington Post reported.

Richard Aslin, Yale School of Medicine senior scientist and an author of the letter, said the scientists wanted “to make sure the American public is aware that this is not just about us losing our jobs. It’s about the whole country losing a tremendously valuable resource that has made us, honestly, the envy of the world,” reported The Washington Post.

The Trump administration’s upheaval of scientific institutions has some wondering if the cuts are a precursor to privatization, The Guardian reported.

“The administration is slashing funding for scientific agencies, terminating grants to scientists, defunding their laboratories, and hampering international scientific collaboration. The funding cuts are forcing institutions to pause research (including studies of new disease treatments), dismiss faculty, and stop enrolling graduate students — the pipeline for the next generation’s scientists,” the letter said.

U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced last week that the administration plans to reduce the HHS workforce by 20,000 — about a quarter of its employees. Agencies on the chopping block include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dr. Peter Marks, who was the FDA’s director of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, resigned last weekend, citing the administration’s “unprecedented assault on scientific truth.”

“It has become clear that truth and transparency are not desired by the Secretary,” Marks’ resignation letter stated. “But rather he wishes subservient confirmation of his misinformation and lies.”

In an unprecedented attack on environmental science, the administration also sought to dissolve the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development by firing more than 1,100 scientists.

“The nation’s scientific enterprise is being annihilated and the silence of too many of our scientific leaders is only making the ongoing catastrophe worse,” said Dr. Robert Steinbrook, director of the Health Research Group at nonprofit consumer rights advocacy organization Public Citizen, a think tank based in Washington, DC, as reported by The Guardian.

“The ‘SOS’ signal from 1,900 scientists must be a wake-up call for our leading scientific and medical organizations to show courage and speak out at this critical moment,” Steinbrook said. “If scientists and scientific and medical organizations will not forcefully speak out in defense of science and public health, who will? There is no alternative.”

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Alt. Leather, a startup based in Melbourne, Australia, has designed an entirely eco-based leather alternative made from natural fibers and agricultural waste that provides an animal-free option using zero plastics.

The new material looks and feels like leather and is meant to replace conventional leather products used in the footwear, fashion, upholstery and automotive industries, a press release from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) said.

“Our material scientists have developed an innovative formula that meets global ISO standards for strength, abrasion resistance, flexibility and colour fastness,” Alt. Leather said on its website. “10% of our ingredients are upcycled from textiles and cellulose destined for landfill or incineration. 100% of our ingredients are derived from regenerative plants available in abundance globally. Designed with end-of-life in mind, we are currently testing the degradability and recyclability of our material.”

The leather substitute is designed to be “a high-performance yet sustainable and circular solution” to lower the environmental impact of traditional leather production.

“Every ingredient we choose is carefully considered to ensure that we are tapping into regenerative and abundant resources globally. Polysaccharides like cellulose and starches, recycled and natural fibres, and plant-derived resins are all part of our solution. We have screened thousands of plant-based ingredient combinations to develop our world-first technology,” Alt. Leather said.

Founded by Tina Funder, Alt. Leather identified a market gap for alternatives to synthetic and animal leathers. But the startup lacked access to the specialized equipment it needed to refine its material production processes, so it contacted CSIRO for help.

“Tina saw an opportunity to tap into Australia’s abundance of regenerative plants and leading research facilities to transform the leather industry,” the press release said. “The team began by testing their material on small-scale extruders, machines that shape and form material by forcing it through a mould. Once the material performed well, they moved to a larger extruder, which allowed them to test the feasibility of scaling up production.”

Funder explained that these trials were essential to determine the best processing methods.

“The structured approach of Kick-Start allowed us to test our material in a real-world setting and confirm that it could be scaled up,” Funder said in the press release.

Through CSIRO’s India Australia RISE Accelerator program and Circular Economy cohort, Alt. Leather was able to gain direct access to Indian manufacturers Chennai and Noida, where their footwear and handbags were produced. They were also able to get one-on-one support from industry experts and program facilitators in India and Australia.

“For Alt. Leather, this support has been pivotal in unlocking the commercial readiness of their sustainable, circular solution – an essential alternative as businesses face increasing pressure to reduce their environmental impact,” the press release said.

Alt. Leather is working to improve the performance and composition of their material through regular formulation testing. It is also looking at partnering with international and Australian brands that want to incorporate a sustainable leather alternative into their products.

“We’ve learned how to navigate international supply chains and manufacturing landscapes, positioning us well for global expansion,” Funder added.

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GoSun, a solar technology company, is accepting deposits for its new EV solar charger. The device mounts onto the roof rack of the car, unfolds over the length of the electric vehicle and plugs into the charging port to turn solar energy into power for the car.

According to GoSun, the 1,100-watt charging device is ideal for providing enough power for daily commutes just with solar power, and it offers peace of mind for those with range anxiety over finding a charging station. The device is also designed to allow people to skip the lines and costs at public chargers when they just need a small power boost.

The charger doesn’t take the place of traditional EV charging infrastructure, but it can provide a boost of up to 20 miles per day. The company recommends keeping the panels clean and in direct sunlight to get the most energy possible, with the average amount provided ranging between 10 to 15 miles daily.

As Car and Driver reported, home charging remains one of the most affordable refueling options for vehicles, with costs coming in even lower than gas-powered cars. This can be especially true for areas that offer lower utility costs during non-peak hours. 

However, for people living in multifamily housing or anyone that makes use of public chargers, charger access may be limited, and costs have been rapidly rising. According to Car and Driver, charging costs at Electrify America chargers has increased 30% and Tesla Supercharger rates have increased 38% to 112% from 2021 to 2024.

“Solar EV battery chargers supply a reputable, affordable, and green solution for electrical vehicle owners, specifically those who reside in apartment or condos or places without committed billing stations,” GoSun said on its website.

The solar charger mounts on any EV or hybrid, so long as it has a luggage or roof rack. The panels weigh 70 pounds, and take about 20 minutes for two people to install. When driving, the device is folded up and sits on the roof rack, and is designed to withstand harsh weather and driving speeds up to 100 miles per hour. When the car is parked and the device is unfolded for charging, the panels are designed to withstand winds up to 30 miles per hour.

GoSun is accepting $100 deposits for the device, which will cost $2,999 in total. According to the product website, the solar charger may be eligible for up to 30% of the cost in federal tax credits along with locally available incentives.

GoSun expects deliveries of the chargers to begin sometime in 2025.

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Scientists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) have said that Arctic sea ice most likely reached its yearly maximum extent on March 22, at 5.53 million square miles.

The maximum sea ice extent for 2025 is the lowest in a satellite record going back 47 years, falling short of the last record low set in March of 2017.

“This new record low is yet another indicator of how Arctic sea ice has fundamentally changed from earlier decades,” said Walt Meier, NSIDC senior research scientist, in a press release from NSIDC. “But even more importantly than the record low is that this year adds yet another data point to the continuing long-term loss of Arctic sea ice in all seasons.”

Scientists from NSIDC stressed that the measurement of Arctic sea ice extent was preliminary. Weather conditions could alter the total maximum ice extent for the year. NSIDC’s full analysis will be issued in early April.

“In the dark and cold of winter, sea ice forms and spreads across Arctic seas. But in recent years, less new ice has been forming, and less multi-year ice has accumulated. This winter continued a downward trend scientists have observed over the past several decades. This year’s peak ice cover was 510,000 square miles (1.32 million square kilometers) below the average levels between 1981 and 2010,” a press release from NASA said.

Antarctic sea ice hit a near-record-low minimum extent on March 1, at 764,000 square miles, tying the second-lowest yearly minimum on record.

That’s 30 percent lower than the 1.1 million square miles of typical Antarctic sea ice extent prior to 2010. Sea ice extent is the total ocean area with a minimum of 15 percent ice concentration.

“Warming temperatures are what’s causing the ice to decline,” Meier said, as The Associated Press reported. “You know, sea ice in particular is very sensitive… 31 degrees is ice skating and 33 degrees it’s swimming.”

Reduced sea ice extent in both polar regions marked another milestone — the planet’s total sea ice has reached an all-time low. Ice coverage globally in mid-February was more than one million square miles below the average before 2010.

“We’re going to come into this next summer season with less ice to begin with,” said Linette Boisvert, a NASA ice scientist based at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, in the NASA press release. “It doesn’t bode well for the future.”

The Arctic is warming at four times the rate of the rest of the planet, and it impacts weather all over the world, reported The Associated Press. As temperature and pressure differences shrink between north and south, the jet stream becomes weaker. This causes it to dip further south, bringing storms and cold temperatures that frequently get stuck, dumping more rain and snow.

“The warming winter atmosphere above the Arctic Circle does impact large-scale weather patterns that do influence those of us outside the Arctic,” said Julienne Stroeve, a University of Manitoba ice scientist.

Ice scientists mostly rely on measurements of Earth’s microwave range radiation by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. The natural radiation is distinct for sea ice and open water, with ice cover appearing bright on satellite images.

“It’s not yet clear whether the Southern Hemisphere has entered a new norm with perennially low ice or if the Antarctic is in a passing phase that will revert to prior levels in the years to come,” Meier said.

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Stanford University researchers have discovered that small bursts of electricity — which they call microlightning, created by oppositely charged water droplets interacting in the early Earth, likely created the first organic compounds that later led to life.

For decades, one of the leading hypotheses for the origin of life has been the Miller-Urey hypothesis. In 1952, renowned chemist Harold Urey observed that most planets in the solar system were dominated by nitrogen and methane, and posited that early Earth’s atmosphere likely did as well.

However, as Richard Zare, the study’s senior author and head of Stanford University’s Zare lab where the experiment was conducted, told EcoWatch, life needs carbon-nitrogen bonds to form essential molecules like DNA and RNA, and these bonds would have been completely absent from the early Earth. 

Urey, later that same year, along with Stanley Miller, carried out an experiment to test whether Earth could have created these bonds. They used an apparatus with a glass bulb to simulate Earth’s atmosphere, composed of nitrogen, methane and other gases. Then, using a spark plug, they simulated lightning in the atmosphere, and successfully created carbon-nitrogen-bonded organic molecules in the apparatus, thought to be precursors to life.

While the results were groundbreaking, they were not without objections, Zare told EcoWatch. “One of them is that lightning is intermittent and unpredictable,” he said. “And I believe that’s true. And if lightning makes compounds in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is a big thing. They never get concentrated… we need to concentrate these building blocks because we’re making small building blocks.”

But what if Earth didn’t need large lightning strikes at all to create these compounds? That’s the question Zare et al. set out to answer. The study’s lead author, Yifan Meng, carried out the experiment, similar to the Miller-Urey experiment, but on a much smaller scale, still using gases present on early Earth roughly 4.5 billion years ago, but using microlightning created by water droplets rather than big sparks. 

“We have repeated what Miller and Urey did before, but they did it with big lightning, in a bulb. We’ve done it with water droplets,” Zare said. “And so we propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”

The researchers suspended a large droplet of water in air using sound waves. When the sound wave generator was turned off, the levitated water droplet fell and struck a plastic sheet below, causing the water droplet to split into smaller droplets, creating a splash of droplets that interacted with one another, creating sparks of microlightning. 

When that microlightning was created in the presence of gases present on early Earth, the electrical discharge interacted with gas and successfully created organic compounds with carbon-nitrogen bonds.

Zare said these interactions are happening constantly in our world, creating microlightning and organic compounds, but are much less consequential than the first time this microlightning created organic molecules billions of years ago.

He added that he wants to continue researching how water droplets interact, and hopes that they can one day be used to clean up our atmosphere. 

“I actually am very interested in possibly removing pollutants in our atmosphere with water droplets,” Zare said, “such as can we bubble air through water and remove things like carbon dioxide and methane and turn them into something else? I’m interested in all this. So you ask, what is the future? Many, many futures here.”

Micron-sized water droplets could also provide a sustainable way to create ammonia, which is important for fertilizer and combating global hunger. Zare said that we may be able to scale up the gas-droplet experiment, which creates ammonia as a byproduct, and in doing so, we could replace the Haber-Bosch process of creating ammonia, which is harmful to the environment. 

“The Haber-Bosch process takes nitrogen and hydrogen and and combines it to make NH3. That’s ammonia. And where does the hydrogen come from? They get it from natural gas, from methane, by treating it with steam, with hot water vapor under high pressure, high temperature. And the result is the natural gas turns [in part] into CO2,” Zare said. 

“And so, believe it or not, 2% or so of the CO2 that you and I now breathe comes from the Haber-Bosch process in the atmosphere. That’s how big this has been. If you could clean up the Haber-Bosch process, you would really make a difference in terms of climate change as we understand it.”

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